Development and validation of the social network addiction scale, SNAddS-6S

  1. Esther Cuadrado 1
  2. Rocío Rojas 2
  3. Carmen Tabernero 1
  1. 1 Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba
    info

    Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba

    Córdoba, España

    ROR https://ror.org/00j9b6f88

  2. 2 Department of Psychology, University of Córdoba
Revista:
EJIHPE: European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education

ISSN: 2174-8144 2254-9625

Año de publicación: 2020

Título del ejemplar: Developing a messaging graphic for storage times of refrigerated ready-to-eat (RTE) foods for a consumer food safety health campaign

Volumen: 10

Número: 3

Páginas: 763-778

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.3390/EJIHPE10030056 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: EJIHPE: European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education

Resumen

The use of social networks has increased exponentially, especially among youth. These tools offer many advantages but also carry some risks such as addiction. This points to the need for a valid multifactorial instrument to measure social network addiction, focusing on the core components of addiction that can serve researchers and practitioners. This study set out to validate a reliable multidimensional social network addiction scale based on the six core components of addiction (SNAddS-6S) by using and adapting the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale. A total of 369 users of social networks completed a questionnaire. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed, and different competing models were explored. The external validity of the scale was tested across its relations with different measures. Evidence for the validity and reliability of both the multidimensional SNAddS-6S and the unidimensional Short SNAddS-6S was provided. The SNAddS-6S was composed of 18 items and five different factors (time-management, mood modification, relapse, withdrawal, and conflict), with the time-management factor as a higher-order factor integrated by salience and tolerance as sub-factors. The Short SNAddS-6S was composed of six items and a unifactorial structure. This scale could be of relevance for researchers and practitioners to assess the extent to which individuals suffer from social network addiction and to study the potential predictors and risks of such addiction.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Kuss, D.; Griffiths, M. Social Networking Sites and Addiction: Ten Lessons Learned. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 311.
  • Liu, D.; Kirschner, P.A.; Karpinski, A.C. A meta-analysis of the relationship of academic performance and Social Network Site use among adolescents and young adults. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2017, 77, 148–157.
  • Marino, C.; Gini, G.; Vieno, A.; Spada, M.M. The associations between problematic Facebook use, psychological distress and well-being among adolescents and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Affect. Disord. 2018, 226, 274–281.
  • Bankoglu, T.; Cerkez, Y. The Social Network Addiction Scale: A Scale Development Study. Rev. Cercet. Interv. Soc. 2019, 66, 378–388.
  • Carbonell, X.; Panova, T. A critical consideration of social networking sites’ addiction potential. Addict. Res. Theory 2017, 25, 48–57.
  • Oberst, U.; Renau, V.; Chamarro, A.; Carbonell, X. Gender stereotypes in Facebook profiles: Are women more female online? Comput. Hum. Behav. 2016, 60, 559–564.
  • Oberst, U.; Wegmann, E.; Stodt, B.; Brand, M.; Chamarro, A. Negative consequences from heavy social networking in adolescents: The mediating role of fear of missing out. J. Adolesc. 2017, 55, 51–60.
  • Andreassen, C.S.; Billieux, J.; Griffiths, M.D.; Kuss, D.J.; Demetrovics, Z.; Mazzoni, E.; Pallesen, S. The relationship between addictive use of social media and video games and symptoms of psychiatric disorders: A large-scale cross-sectional study. Psychol. Addict. Behav. 2016, 30, 252–262.
  • Blachnio, A.; Przepiorka, A.; Pantic, I. Association between Facebook addiction, self-esteem and life satisfaction: A cross-sectional study. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2016, 55, 701–705.
  • Xanidis, N.; Brignell, C.M. The association between the use of social network sites, sleep quality and cognitive function during the day. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2016, 55, 121–126.
  • Andreassen, C.S.; Pallesen, S. Social Network Site Addiction—An Overview. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2014, 20, 4053–4061.
  • Griffiths, M. A ‘components’ model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. J. Subst. Use 2005, 10, 191–197.
  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5TM, 5th ed.; American Psychiatric Association Publishing, Inc.: Washington, DC, USA, 2013.
  • García del Castillo, J.A. Technological addictions: The rise of social networks. Heal. Addict. 2013, 13, 5–14.
  • Siddiqui, S.; Singh, T. Social media its impact with positive and negative aspects. Int. J. Comput. Appl. Technol. Res. 2016, 5, 71–75.
  • O’Connor, K.M.; Gladstone, E. Beauty and social capital: Being attractive shapes social networks. Soc. Netw. 2018, 52, 42–47.
  • Kesici, Ş.; Şahin, İ. A Comparative Study of Uses of the Internet among College Students with and without Internet Addiction. Psychol. Rep. 2009, 105 (Suppl. 3), 1103–1112.
  • Andreassen, C.S. Online Social Network Site Addiction: A Comprehensive Review. Curr. Addict. Rep. 2015, 2, 175–184.
  • Andreassen, C.S.; Pallesen, S.; Griffiths, M.D. The relationship between addictive use of social media, narcissism, and self-esteem: Findings from a large national survey. Addict. Behav. 2017, 64, 287–293.
  • Monacis, L.; de Palo, V.; Griffiths, M.D.; Sinatra, M. Social networking addiction, attachment style, and validation of the Italian version of the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale. J. Behav. Addict. 2017, 6, 178–186.
  • Lin, C.-Y.; Broström, A.; Nilsen, P.; Griffiths, M.D.; Pakpour, A.H. Psychometric validation of the Persian Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale using classic test theory and Rasch models. J. Behav. Addict. 2017, 6, 620–629.
  • Baumeister, R.F.; Leary, M.R. The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychol. Bull. 1995, 117, 497–529.
  • Riva, G.; Wiederhold, B.K.; Cipresso, P. Psychology of social media: From technology to identity. In The Psychology of Social Networking: Personal Experience in Online Communities; Riva, G., Wiederhold, B.K., Cipresso, P., Eds.; De Gruyter Open: Warsaw, Poland, 2016; pp. 1–11.
  • Kuss, D.J.; Griffiths, M.D. Internet Addiction in Psychotherapy; Palgrave: London, UK, 2015.
  • Kuss, D.J.; Griffiths, M.D. Internet Gaming Addiction: A Systematic Review of Empirical Research. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. 2012, 10, 278–296.
  • Gökdaş, İ.; Kuzucu, Y. Social Network Addiction Scale: The Validity and Reliability Study of Adolescent and Adult Form. Int. J. Assess. Tools Educ. 2019, 6, 396–414.
  • Andreassen, C.S.; Torsheim, T.; Brunborg, G.S.; Pallesen, S. Development of a Facebook Addiction Scale. Psychol. Rep. 2012, 110, 501–517.
  • Guedes, E.; Sancassiani, F.; Carta, M.G.; Campos, C.; Machado, S.; Spear King, A.L.; Nardi, A.E. Internet Addiction and Excessive Social Networks Use: What About Facebook? Clin. Pract. Epidemiol. Ment. Heal. 2016, 12, 43–48.
  • Müller, K.W.; Dreier, M.; Beutel, M.E.; Duven, E.; Giralt, S.; Wölfling, K. A hidden type of Internet addiction? Intense and addictive use of social networking sites in adolescents. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2016, 55, 172–177.
  • Dias, P.C.; Cadime, I.; Del Castillo-López, Á.G.; García-Castillo, F.; García del Castillo, J.A. Excessive Facebook use among Portuguese university students: Contributes of the adaptation of the Bergen Facebook Addiction. Heal Addict. 2018, 18, 131–139.
  • Echeburúa, E. Factores de riesgo y factores de protección en la adicción a las nuevas tecnologías y redes sociales en jóvenes y adolescentes. Rev. Española Drogodepend. 2012, 4, 435–448.
  • Shepherd, R.-M.; Edelmann, R.J. Reasons for Internet use and social anxiety. Pers. Individ. Differ. 2005, 39, 949–958.
  • Enez Darcin, A.; Noyan, C.; Nurmedov, S.; Yilmaz, O.; Dilbaz, N. Smartphone Addiction in Relation with Social Anxiety and Loneliness Among University Students in Turkey. Eur. Psychiatry 2015, 30, 505.
  • Enez Darcin, A.; Kose, S.; Noyan, C.O.; Nurmedov, S.; Yilmaz, O.; Dilbaz, N. Smartphone addiction and its relationship with social anxiety and loneliness. Behav. Inf. Technol. 2016, 35, 520–525.
  • Fayazi, M.; Hasani, J. Structural relations between brain-behavioral systems, social anxiety, depression and Internet addiction: With regard to revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (r-RST). Comput. Hum. Behav. 2017, 72, 441–448.
  • Ozsaker, M.; Muslu, G.K.; Kahraman, A.; Beytut, D.; Yardimci, F.; Basbakkal, Z. A Study on the Effects of Loneliness, Depression and Perceived Social Support on Problematic Internet Use among University Students. Anthropologist 2015, 19, 533–542.
  • Bozoglan, B.; Demirer, V.; Sahin, I. Loneliness, self-esteem, and life satisfaction as predictors of Internet addiction: A cross-sectional study among Turkish university students. Scand. J. Psychol. 2013, 54, 313–319.
  • Yao, M.Z.; Zhong, Z. Loneliness, social contacts and Internet addiction: A cross-lagged panel study. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2014, 30, 164–170.
  • Cheng, C.; Li, A.Y. Internet Addiction Prevalence and Quality of (Real) Life: A Meta-Analysis of 31 Nations across Seven World Regions. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 2014, 17, 755–760.
  • Cash, H.; Rae, C.D.; Steel, A.H.; Winkler, A. Internet Addiction: A Brief Summary of Research and Practice. Curr. Psychiatry Rev. 2012, 8, 292–298.
  • Samaha, M.; Hawi, N.S. Relationships among smartphone addiction, stress, academic performance, and satisfaction with life. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2016, 57, 321–325.
  • Garrido, E.C.; Delgado, S.C. Phubbing. Conectados a la red y desconectados de la realidad. Un análisis en relación al bienestar psicológico. Pixel-Bit Rev. Medios y Educ. 2017, 50, 173–185.
  • Hawi, N.S.; Samaha, M. The Relations among Social Media Addiction, Self-Esteem, and Life Satisfaction in University Students. Soc. Sci. Comput. Rev. 2017, 35, 576–586.
  • Duradoni, M.; Innocenti, F.; Guazzini, A. Well-Being and Social Media: A Systematic Review of Bergen Addiction Scales. Future Internet 2020, 12, 24.
  • de Vries, D.A.; Kühne, R. Facebook and self-perception: Individual susceptibility to negative social comparison on Facebook. Pers. Individ. Differ. 2015, 86, 217–221.
  • Fernández-Montalvo, J.; Peñalva-Vélez, M.A.; Irazabal, I. Internet Use Habits and Risk Behaviours in Preadolescence. Comunicar 2015, 22, 113–121.
  • Tzavela, E.C.; Karakitsou, C.; Dreier, M.; Mavromati, F.; Wölfling, K.; Halapi, E.; Macarie, G.; Wójcik, S.; Veldhuis, L.; Tsitsika, A.K. Processes discriminating adaptive and maladaptive Internet use among European adolescents highly engaged online. J. Adolesc. 2015, 40, 34–47.
  • Seo, M.; Kim, J.-H.; David, P. Always Connected or Always Distracted? ADHD Symptoms and Social Assurance Explain Problematic Use of Mobile Phone and Multicommunicating. J. Comput. Commun. 2015, 20, 667–681.
  • Jiménez López, L.M.; Valencia Cruz, A.; Sánchez Aragón, R. Escala de Ansiedad Social para Adolescentes: Confiabilidad y validez en una muestra mexicana. Psicol. Iberoam. 2013, 21, 72–84.
  • Russell, D.; Peplau, L.A.; Cutrona, C.E. The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1980, 39, 472–480.
  • Diener, E.; Emmons, R.A.; Larsen, R.J.; Griffin, S. The Satisfaction with Life Scale. J. Pers. Assess. 1985, 49, 71–75.
  • Marsh, H.W. Positive and negative global self-esteem: A substantively meaningful distinction or artifactors? J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1996, 70, 810–819.
  • Tehseen, S.; Ramayah, T.; Sajilan, S. Testing and Controlling for Common Method Variance: A Review of Available Methods. J. Manag. Sci. 2017, 4, 142–168.
  • Cabrera-Nguyen, P. Author Guidelines for Reporting Scale Development and Validation Results in the Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research. J. Soc. Social. Work Res. 2010, 1, 99–103.
  • Williams, B.; Onsman, A.; Brown, T. Exploratory factor analysis: A five-step guide for novices. Australas J. Paramed. 2010, 8, 1–13.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K.; Moosbrugger, H.; Müller, H. Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods Psychol. Res. Online 2003, 8, 23–74.
  • Chang, M.K.; Man Law, S.P. Factor structure for Young’s Internet Addiction Test: A confirmatory study. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2008, 24, 2597–2619.
  • Charlton, J.P.; Danforth, I.D.W. Distinguishing addiction and high engagement in the context of online game playing. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2007, 23, 1531–1548.
  • Lemos, I.L.; Cardoso, A.; Sougey, E.B. Validity and reliability assessment of the Brazilian version of the game addiction scale (GAS). Compr. Psychiatry 2016, 67, 19–25.
  • Peris, M.; Maganto, C.; Garaigordobil, M. Escala de riesgo de adicción-adolescente a las redes sociales e Internet: Fiabilidad y validez (ERA-RSI). Rev. Psicol Clínica con Niños y Adolesc. 2018, 5, 30–36.
  • Sarabia, I.; Estévez, A. Sexualized behaviors on Facebook. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2016, 61, 219–226.
  • Caplan, S.E. Preference for Online Social Interaction. Commun. Res. 2003, 30, 625–648.
  • Zhang, Y.; Mei, S.; Li, L.; Chai, J.; Li, J.; Du, H. The Relationship between Impulsivity and Internet Addiction in Chinese College Students: A Moderated Mediation Analysis of Meaning in Life and Self-Esteem. Weinstein, A.M.; ed. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0131597.
  • van den Eijnden, R.J.J.M.; Lemmens, J.S.; Valkenburg, P.M. The Social Media Disorder Scale. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2016, 61, 478–487.