A Practical Validation of Uncooled Thermal Imagers for Small RPAS

  1. Leblanc, George
  2. Kalacska, Margaret
  3. Arroyo-Mora, J. Pablo
  4. Lucanus, Oliver
  5. Todd, Andrew
  6. González Aguilera, Diego ed. lit. 1
  1. 1 Universidad de Salamanca
    info

    Universidad de Salamanca

    Salamanca, España

    ROR https://ror.org/02f40zc51

Journal:
Drones

ISSN: 2504-446X

Year of publication: 2021

Volume: 5

Issue: 4

Pages: 132

Type: Article

DOI: 10.3390/DRONES5040132 GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openOpen access editor

More publications in: Drones

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Cited by

  • Web of Science Cited by: 1 (08-09-2023)

JCR (Journal Impact Factor)

  • Year 2021
  • Journal Impact Factor: 5.532
  • Journal Impact Factor without self cites: 4.848
  • Article influence score: 0.89
  • Best Quartile: Q2
  • Area: REMOTE SENSING Quartile: Q2 Rank in area: 10/34 (Ranking edition: SCIE)

SCImago Journal Rank

  • Year 2021
  • SJR Journal Impact: 0.995
  • Best Quartile: Q1
  • Area: Information Systems Quartile: Q1 Rank in area: 82/380
  • Area: Computer Science Applications Quartile: Q1 Rank in area: 171/791
  • Area: Aerospace Engineering Quartile: Q1 Rank in area: 21/140
  • Area: Control and Systems Engineering Quartile: Q1 Rank in area: 66/281
  • Area: Artificial Intelligence Quartile: Q2 Rank in area: 79/286

Scopus CiteScore

  • Year 2021
  • CiteScore of the Journal : 7.2
  • Area: Aerospace Engineering Percentile: 91
  • Area: Computer Science Applications Percentile: 83
  • Area: Information Systems Percentile: 83
  • Area: Control and Systems Engineering Percentile: 82
  • Area: Artificial Intelligence Percentile: 76

Journal Citation Indicator (JCI)

  • Year 2021
  • Journal Citation Indicator (JCI): 0.94
  • Best Quartile: Q2
  • Area: REMOTE SENSING Quartile: Q2 Rank in area: 18/57

Abstract

Uncooled thermal imaging sensors in the LWIR (7.5 μm to 14 μm) have recently been developed for use with small RPAS. This study derives a new thermal imaging validation methodology via the use of a blackbody source (indoors) and real-world field conditions (outdoors). We have demonstrated this method with three popular LWIR cameras by DJI (Zenmuse XT-R, Zenmuse XT2 and, the M2EA) operated by three different popular DJI RPAS platforms (Matrice 600 Pro, M300 RTK and, the Mavic 2 Enterprise Advanced). Results from the blackbody work show that each camera has a highly linearized response (R2 > 0.99) in the temperature range 5–40 °C as well as a small (<2 °C) temperature bias that is less than the stated accuracy of the cameras. Field validation was accomplished by imaging vegetation and concrete targets (outdoors and at night), that were instrumented with surface temperature sensors. Environmental parameters (air temperature, humidity, pressure and, wind and gusting) were measured for several hours prior to imaging data collection and found to either not be a factor, or were constant, during the ~30 min data collection period. In-field results from imagery at five heights between 10 m and 50 m show absolute temperature retrievals of the concrete and two vegetation sites were within the specifications of the cameras. The methodology has been developed with consideration of active RPAS operational requirements.

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