The entrepreneur from a cognitive approach

  1. Sánchez García, José Carlos
  2. Carballo González, Tania
  3. Gutiérrez García, Andrea
Revista:
Psicothema

ISSN: 0214-9915

Año de publicación: 2011

Volumen: 23

Número: 3

Páginas: 433-438

Tipo: Artículo

Otras publicaciones en: Psicothema

Resumen

El emprendedor desde una orientación cognitiva. El enfoque cognitivo del estudio del emprendedor surge como respuesta a las limitaciones de la orientación de los rasgos. Su objetivo es explicar la conducta emprendedora a través de las cogniciones. Entender el pensamiento emprendedor representa un campo de estudio fértil aún no muy explotado. Las principales investigaciones destacan el papel de los scripts, la autoefi cacia, los estilos de pensamiento y los heurísticos en la acción de crear una empresa. En este artículo se revisan y se señalan las contribuciones más relevantes de la Psicología cognitiva al campo del emprendimiento, se señalan algunas de las limitaciones y se apuntan nuevas líneas de investigación.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Allison T., Puce A., & McCarthy, G. (2000). Social perception from visual cues: Role of the STS region. Trends in Cognitive Science, 4, 267-278.
  • Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V.S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 71-81). New York: Academic Press (Reprinted in H. Friedman (Ed.), Encyclopedia of mental health. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998).
  • Baron, R.A. (1998). Cognitive mechanisms in entrepreneurship: Why, and when, entrepreneurs think differently than other persons. Journal of Business Venturing, 13, 275-294.
  • Baron, R.A. (2000). Counterfactual thinking and venture formation: The potential effects of thinking about «what might have been». Journal of Business Venturing, 15(1), 79-91.
  • Baron, R.A. (2004). The cognitive perspective: A valuable tool for analysing entrepreneurship's basic «Why» Questions'. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(2), 221-239.
  • Baron, R.A., & Markman, G.D. (1999). Cognitive mechanisms: Potential differences between entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs. In P.D. Reynolds, W.D. Bygrave, et al. (Eds.), Frontiers of entrepreneurship research. Wellesley, MA: Babson College.
  • Bernardo, A.E., & Welch, I. (2001). On the evolution of overconfidence and entrepreneurs. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 10(3), 301-330.
  • Bouckenooghe, D., Van den Broeck, H., Cools, E., & Vanderheyden, K. (2005). In search for the heffalump: An exploration of the cognitive style profiles among entrepreneurs. Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School Working Paper Series -4, Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School.
  • Busenitz, L.W., & Barney, J.B. (1997). Differences between entrepreneurs and managers in large organizations: Biases and heuristics in strategic decision making. Journal of Business Venturing, 12(1), 9-30.
  • Busenitz, L.W., & Lau, C.M. (1996). A cross-cultural cognitive model of new venture creation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 20(4), 25-39.
  • Bridge, S., O'Neil, K., & Cromie, S. (2003). Understanding enterprise, entrepreneurship and small business (2nd ed.). Palgrave/Macmillan.
  • Chen, G.C., Greene, P.G., & Crick, A. (1998). Does entrepreneurial selfefficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers? Journal of Business Venturing, 13, 295-317.
  • Cooper A.C., Woo, C.Y., & Dunkelberg, W.C. (1988). Entrepreneurs' perceived chances for success. Journal of Business Venturing, 3(1), 97-108.
  • Fiske, S.T., & Taylor, S.E. (1991). Social cognition. (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
  • Gaglio, C.M. (2004). The role of mental simulations and counterfactual thinking in the opportunity identification process. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(6), 533-552.
  • Gaglio, C.M., & Katz, J.A. (2001). The psychological basis of opportunity identification: Entrepreneurial alertness. Small Business Economics, 16(2), 95-111.
  • Haynie, J.M., Shepherd, D., Mosakowski, E., & Earley, P.C. (2010). A situated metacognitive model of the entrepreneurial mindset. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(2), 217. New York: March 2010.
  • Hodgkinson, G.P., & Sparrow, P. (2002). The competent organization: A psychological analysis of the strategic management process. Buckingham: Open University Press.
  • Kickul, J., & Krueger, N.F. (2005). Toward a new model of intentions: The complexity of gender, cognitive style, culture, social norms and intensity on the pathway to entrepreneurship. Centre for Gender in Organizations (Simmons School of Management), Working Paper no. 20.
  • Krueguer, J., & Evans, M. (2004). If you don't want to be late, enumerate: Unpacking reduces the planning fallacy. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 586-598.
  • Lindblom, A., Olkkonen, R., & Mitronen, L. (2008). Cognitive styles of contractually integrated retail entrepreneurs: A survey study. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 36(6), 518. Bradford.
  • Lucas, W.A., & Cooper, S.Y. (2005). Measuring entrepreneurial selfefficacy. A paper prepared for the EDGE Conference 11-13th July, Singapore.
  • Markman, G.D., Baron, R.A., & Balkin, D.B. (2005). Are perseverance and self-efficacy costless? Assessing entrepreneurs' regretful thinking. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(1), 1-19.
  • Mintzberg, H. (1994). The rise and fall of strategic planning. New York: Prentice Hall.
  • Mitchell, R.K., Busenitz, L., Lant, T., McDougall, P.P., Morse, E. A., & Smith, B. (2002). Toward a theory of entrepreneurial cognition: Rethinking the people side of entrepreneurship research. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 27, 93-104.
  • Mitchell, R.K., Busenitz, L.W., Bird, B., Marie Gaglio, C., McMullen, J.S., Morse, E.A., & Smith, J.B. (2007). The Central Question in Entrepreneurial Cognition Research. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 31(1), 1-27.
  • Mitchell, R.K., Smith, B., Seawright, K.W., & Morse, E.A. (2000). Crosscultural cognitions and the venture creation decision. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 974-993.
  • Neck, R., Haber, G., & McKibbin, W.J. (1999). Macroeconomic policy design in the European Monetary Union: A numerical game approach. Empírica, 26, 319-333.
  • Neisser, U. (1967). Cognitive psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Oliveira, M.F., Garrido, E., & Sánchez, J.C. (2005). El impacto del entorno social en las ciencias de autoeficacia de los emprendedores: un studio pragmático. In Psicología Social y Problemas Sociales (Vol. 4, pp. 407-418). ISBN 84-9742-453-0.
  • Russo, J.E., & Schoemaker, P.J.H. (1992). Managing overconfidence. Sloan Management Review, Winter, 7-18.
  • Sánchez, J.C. (2010a). University training for entrepreneurial competencies: Its impact on intention of venture creation. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, April, 1-16.
  • Sánchez, J.C. (2010b). Evaluation of entrepreneurial personality: Factorial validity of entrepreneurial orientation questionnaire (COE). Revista Latinoamericana de Psicologia, 42(1), 32-52.
  • Sánchez, J.C. (2009). Social learning and entrepreneurial intentions: A comparative study between Mexico, Spain and Portugal. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 41(1), 107-117.
  • Shane, S., Locke, E. A., & Collins, C.J. (2003). Entrepreneurial motivation. Human Resource Management Review, 13(2), 257-279.
  • Sinclair, M., Ashkanasy, N.M., Chattopadhyay, P., & Boyle, M.V. (2002). Determinants of intuitive decision-making in management: The moderating role of affect. In N.M. Ashkanasy, W. Zerbe & C.E.J. Härtel (Eds.), Managing emotions in the work place (pp. 143-163). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
  • Smith, J.B., Mitchell, J.R., & Mitchell, R.K. (2009). Entrepreneurial scripts and the new transaction commitment mindset: Extending the expert information processing theory approach to entrepreneurial cognition research. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 33(4), 815.
  • Taylor, S.E., & Brown, J.D. (1988). Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 193-210.
  • Trevelyan, R. (2009). Entrepreneurial attitudes and action in new venture development. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 10(1), 21.
  • Tversky, A., & Khaneman, D. (1973). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology, 5, 207-232.
  • Vecchio, R.P. (2003). Entrepreneurship and leadership: Common trends and common threads. Human Resource Management Review, 13, 303-327.
  • Van den Broeck, H., Vanderheyden, K., & Cools, E. (2003). The field of cognitive styles: From a theoretical review to the construction of the cognitive style inventory. Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School Working Paper Series 2003-26. Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School.
  • Wadeson, N. (2006). Cognitive aspects of entrepreneurship: Decisionmaking and attitudes to risk. In Casson et al. (Eds.), Oxford Handbook of Entrepreneurship (pp. 91-113). Oxford University Press.
  • West, G.P. (2007). Collective cognition: When entrepreneurial teams, not individuals, make decisions. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 31(1), 77-101.
  • Westhead, P., Ucbasaran, D., & Wright, M. (2009). Information search and opportunity identification: The importance of prior business ownership experience. International Small Business Journal, 27(6), 659-680.