Factorial Structure and Measurement Invariance of the PANAS in Spanish Older Adults

  1. Buz Delgado, José
  2. Pérez Arechaederra, Diana
  3. Fernández Pulido, Ramón
  4. Urchaga Litago, José David
Revista:
The Spanish Journal of Psychology

ISSN: 1138-7416

Año de publicación: 2015

Volumen: 18

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.1017/SJP.2015.6 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: The Spanish Journal of Psychology

Resumen

Developmental theories suggest age-related changes in the structure of affect. Paradoxically, the internal structure of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) has not been tested in Spanish older adults by means of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) despite it is the most widely used measure of emotional well-being in later life. The aim of this study was to examine competing models of the internal structure of the Spanish version of the PANAS, its measurement invariance, reliability, and external validity. Participants were a representative sample of 585 community-dwelling people aged 60 and over, who also completed depression, loneliness and life satisfaction measures. Results showed that the orthogonal two-factor model with correlated errors (RMSEA = .057, 90% CI [.051, .063], SRMR = .084, CFI = .97, NNFI = .97) was the best fitting solution. Measurement invariance analyses confirmed that the two-independent factor structure can be used across young-old and very old people, as well as in both males and females. It showed good reliability (PA: a = .93, NA: a = .83), criterion, convergent and discriminant validity (p < .01). Our discussion highlights the role of age and culture in the experience and expression of emotions.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Adams G., Anderson S. L., & Adonu J. K. (2004). The cultural grounding of closeness and intimacy. In D. Haskek & A. Aron (Eds.), Handbook of closeness and intimacy (pp. 321–339). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Atienza F. L., Balaguer I., & García-Merita M. L. (2003). Satisfaction with life scale: Analysis of factorial invariance across sexes. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 1255–1260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S01918869(02)00332-X
  • Buz J. (1996). Mini-GDS 8: Una nueva versión breve para ancianos institucionalizados [Mini-GDS 8: A new short form for institutionalized older adults]. Geriatrika, 12, 41–45.
  • Buz J., & Pérez-Arechaederra D. (2014). Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Spanish version of the 11-item De Jong Gierveld loneliness scale. International Psychogeriatrics, 26, 1553–1564. http://dx.doi. org/10.1017/S1041610214000507
  • Carstensen L. L., Isaacowitz D. M., & Charles S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socio-emotional selectivity. American Psychologist, 54, 165–181. http://dx. doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.54.3.165
  • Carstensen L. L., Pasupathi M., Mayr U., & Nesselroade J. R. (2000). Emotional experience in everyday life across the adult life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 644–655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514. 79.4.644
  • Clark L. A., & Watson D. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 316–336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0021-843X.100.3.316
  • Crawford J. R., & Henry J. D. (2004). The positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS): Construct validity, measurement properties and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 245–265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/0144665031752934
  • Charles S. T., & Carstensen L. L. (2007). Emotion regulation and aging. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 307–327). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Charles S. T., Luong G., Almeida D. M., Ryff C., Sturn M., & Love G. (2010). Fewer ups and downs: Daily stressors mediate age differences in negative affect. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 65B, 279–286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbq002
  • Charles S. T., Reynolds C. A., & Gatz M. (2001). Age-related differences and change in positive and negative affect over 23 years. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 136–151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.80.1.136
  • Chen F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equations Modeling, 14, 464–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/ 10705510701301834
  • Chen F. F., Jing Y., Hayes A., & Lee J. M. (2012). Two concepts of two approaches? A bifactor analysis of psychological and subjective well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10902012-9367-x
  • Cheung G. W., & Rensvold R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 233–255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
  • Delgado A. R. (2009). Spanish basic emotion words are consistently ordered. Quality and Quantity, 43, 509–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11135-007-9121-3
  • De Jong Gierveld J., & Kamphuis F. H. (1985). The development of a Rasch-type loneliness scale. Applied Psychological Measurement, 9, 289–299. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1177/014662168500900307
  • De Jong Gierveld J., & Tilburg Van, T. G. (2011). Manual of the loneliness scale 1999 (Updated from the printed version). Retrieved from http://home.fsw.vu.nl/TG.van. Tilburg/manual_loneliness_scale_1999.html
  • Diener E. (2009). SWLS Translations. Illinois, IL: University of Illinois at Urbana Champagne.
  • Diener E., Emmons R., Larsen J., & Griffin S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/ s15327752jpa4901_13
  • Diener E., & Suh E. M. (1999). National differences in subjective well-being. In D. Kanneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology. (pp.145–156). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Diener E., Suh E. M., Lucas R. E., & Smith H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276–302. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1037//0033-2909.125.2.276
  • Ebesutani C., Smith A., Bernstein A., Chorpita B. F., Higa-McMillan C., & Nakamura B. (2011). A bifactor model of negative affectivity: Fear and distress components among younger and older youth. Psychological Assessment, 23, 679–691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ a0023234
  • Gaudreau P., Sanchez X., & Blondin J. P. (2006). Positive and negative affective states in a performance-related setting: Testing the factorial structure of the PANAS across two samples of French-Canadian participants. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 22, 240–249. http://dx. doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.22.4.240
  • Godoy-Izquierdo D., Moreno R., Pérez M. L., Serrano F., & García J. F. (2013). Correlates of happiness among older Spanish institutionalized and non-institutionalized adults. Journal of Happiness Studies. 14, 389–414. http://dx.doi. org/10.1007/s10902-012-9335-5
  • Hilleras P. K., Jorm A. F., Herlitz A., & Winblad B. (1998). Negative and positive affect among the very old: A survey on a sample age 90 years or older. Research on Aging, 20, 593–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027598205003
  • Izard C. E. (1977). Human emotions. New York, NY: Plenum.
  • Joiner, T. E. Jr., Sandin B., Chorot P., Lostao L., & Marquina G. (1997). Development and factor analytic validation of the SPANAS among women in Spain: (More) cross-cultural convergence in the structure of mood. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68, 600–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/ s15327752jpa6803_8
  • Jöreskog K. G., & Sörbom D. (1996). Structural equation modeling. Chicago, IL: Workshop NORC Social Science Research Professional Development Training Sessions.
  • Kercher K. (1992). Assessing subjective well-being in the old-old: The PANAS as a measure of orthogonal dimensions of positive and negative affect. Research on Aging, 14, 131–168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 0164027592142001
  • Kunzmann U. (2008). Differential age trajectories of positive and negative affect: Further evidence from the Berlin Aging Study. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 63, 261–270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/63.5.P261
  • Labouvie-Vief G., & Medler M. (2002). Affect optimization and affect complexity: Modes and styles of regulation in adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 17, 571–588. http://dx. doi.org/10.1037//0882-7974.17.4.571
  • Lim Y. J., Yu B. H., Kim D. K., & Kim J. H. (2010). The positive and negative affect schedule: Psychometric properties of the Korean version. Psychiatry Investigation, 7, 163–169. http://dx.doi.org/10.4306/pi.2010.7.3.163
  • Lorenzo-Seva U., & Ferrando P. J. (2006). FACTOR: A computer program to fit the exploratory factor analysis model. Behavioral Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 38, 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/ BF03192753
  • Mackinnon A., Jorm A. F., Christensen H., Korten A. E., Jacomb P. A., & Rodgers B. (1999). A short form of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule: Evaluation of factorial validity and invariance across demographic variables in a community sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 405–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S0191-8869(98)00251-7
  • Márquez-González M., Izal M., Montorio I., & Losada A. (2008). Experiencia y regulación emocional a lo largo de la etapa adulta del ciclo vital: Análisis comparativo en tres grupos de edad [Experience and emotional regulation during the adult stage of the life cycle: Comparative analysis in three groups of age]. Psicothema, 20, 616–622.
  • Merz E. L., Malcarne V. L., Roesch S. C., Ko C. M., Emerson M., Roma V. G., & Sadler G. R. (2013). Psychometric properties of Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) original and short forms in an African American community simple. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151, 942–949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.08.011
  • Merz E. L., & Roesch S. C. (2011). Modeling trait and state variation using multilevel factor analysis with PANAS daily diary data. Journal of Research in Personality, 45, 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2010.11.003
  • Mesquita B. (2001). Emotions in collectivist and individualist contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ 0022-3514.80.1.68
  • Moriondo M., Palma P., Medrano L. A., & Murillo P. (2012). Adaptación de la Escala de Afectividad Positiva y Negativa (PANAS) a la población de adultos de la ciudad de Córdoba: Análisis psicométricos preliminares [Adaptation of the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) to the adult population in the city of Córdoba: Preliminary psychometric analysis]. Universitas Psychologica, 11, 187–196.
  • Mroczek D. K., & Kolarz C. M. (1998). The effect of age on positive and negative affect: A developmental perspective on happiness. Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1333–1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.75.5.1333
  • Nolla M. C., Queral R., & Miró J. (2014). Las escalas PANAS de afecto positivo y negativo: Nuevos datos de su uso en personas mayores [The PANAS scales of positive affect and negative affect: New data in Spanish older adults]. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 19, 15–21.
  • Pinquart M. (2001). Age differences in perceived positive affect, negative affect, and affect balance in middle and old age. Journal of Happiness Studies, 2, 375–405.
  • Pires P., Filgueiras A., Ribas R., & Santana C. (2013). Positive and negative affect schedule: Psychometric properties for the Brazilian Portuguese version. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 16, E58. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1017/sjp.2013.60
  • Ready R. E., Akerstedt A. M., & Mroczek D. K. (2012). Emotional complexity and emotional well-being in older adults: Risk of high neuroticism. Aging & Mental Health, 16, 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2011.602961
  • Ready R. E., Vaidya J. G., Watson D., Latzman R. D., Koffel E. A., & Clark L. A. (2011). Age-group differences in facets of positive and negative affect. Aging & Mental Health, 15, 784–795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863. 2011.562184
  • Ready R. E., Weinberger M. I., & Jones K. M. (2007). How happy have you felt lately? Two diary studies of emotion recall in older and younger adults. Cognition and Emotion, 21, 728–757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699930600948269
  • Röcke C., Li S. C., & Smith J. (2009). Intraindividual variability in positive and negative affect over 45 days: Do older adults fluctuate less than young adults? Psychology and Aging, 24, 863–878. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1037/a0016276
  • Rodríguez C., & Church A. T. (2003). The structure and personality correlates of affect in México: Evidence of cross-cultural comparability using the Spanish language. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34, 211–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022102250247
  • Sandin B., Chorot P., Lostao L., Joiner T. E., Santed M. A., & Valiente R. M. (1999). The PANAS scales of positive and negative affect: Factor analytic validation and crosscultural convergence. Psicothema, 11, 37–51.
  • Satorra A., & Bentler P. M. (2001). A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Psychometrika, 66, 507–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/ BF02296192
  • Schimmack U., Oishi S., & Diener E. (2002). Cultural influences on the relation between pleasant emotions and unpleasant emotions: Asian dialectic philosophies or individualism-collectivism. Cognition & Emotion, 16, 705–719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699930143000590
  • Terracciano A., McCrae R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (2003). Factorial and construct validity of the Italian Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 19, 131–141. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1027//1015-5759.19.2.131
  • Thompson E. R. (2007). Development and validation of an internationally reliable short-form of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38, 227–242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 0022022106297301
  • Tuccitto D. E., Giacobbi, P. R. Jr., & Leite W. L. (2010). The internal structure of positive and negative affect: A confirmatory factor analysis of the PANAS. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 70, 125–141. http://dx.doi. org/10.1177/0013164409344522
  • Vandenberg R. J., & Lance C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3, 4–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109442810031002
  • Villodas F., Villodas M. T., & Roesch S. (2011). Examining the factor structure of the positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS) in a multiethnic sample of adolescents. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 44, 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748175611414721
  • Vogel N., Schilling O. K., Wahl H. W., Beekman A. T. F., & Penninx B. W. (2012). Time-to-death-related change in positive and negative affect among older adults approaching the end of life. Psychology and Aging. 28, 128–141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0030471
  • Watson D., Clark L. A., & Tellegen A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063–1070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037// 0022-3514.54.6.1063
  • Watson D., & Tellegen A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 219–235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.98.2.219
  • Watson D., Wiese D., Vaidya J., & Tellegen A. (1999). The two general activation systems of affect: Structural findings, evolutionary considerations and psychobiological evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 820–838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.76.5.820
  • Windsor T. D., & Anstey K. J. (2010). Age differences in psychological predictors of positive and negative affect: A longitudinal investigation of young, midlife, and older adults. Psychology & Aging, 25, 641–652. http://dx.doi. org/10.1037/a0019431
  • Yesavage J. A., Brink T. L., Rose T. L., Lum O., Huang V., Adey M., & Leirer V. O. (1982). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17, 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4
  • Zevon M. A., & Tellegen A. (1982). The structure of mood change: An idiographic/nomothetic analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 111–122. http://dx.doi. org/10.1037//0022-3514.43.1.111
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet