Adaptation of an entrepreneurial motivation scale into Spanish

  1. Joan Boada-Grau
  2. José Carlos Sánchez-García
  3. Eric Viardot
  4. María Boada-Cuerva
  5. Andreu Vigil-Colet
Journal:
Anales de psicología

ISSN: 0212-9728 1695-2294

Year of publication: 2016

Volume: 32

Issue: 2

Pages: 571-577

Type: Article

DOI: 10.6018/ANALESPS.32.2.217341 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR

More publications in: Anales de psicología

Abstract

This study follows the theoretical framework put forward by Robichaud on entrepreneurial motivation. The objective was to adapt the original French scale of 17 items into Spanish and to analyze its psychometric properties. The participants in the present study were 981 Spanish employees (46.5 % men and 53.5 % women). After carrying out exploratory factor analyses and ESEM (RMSEA = .06; CFI = .95 and TLI = .95), revealed a structure comprised of three factors: Family security (α =.82), Independence and autonomy (α =.83), and Intrinsic motivations (α =.77). These three factors displayed adequate reliability. We also found evidence of validity with regard to a series of external correlates and various scales that have to do with workaholism, irritation and burnout. The present scale may prove useful for adequately identifying entrepreneurial motivation.

Bibliographic References

  • Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2009). Exploratory structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 16, 397-438.
  • Boada-Grau, J., Prizmic-Kuzmica, A. J., Serrano-Fernández, M. J., & Vigil-Colet, A. (2013). Factorial structure, reliability and validity of the workaholism scale (WorkBAT): Spanish version. Anales de Psicología, 29, 923-933.
  • Barba-Sánchez, V., & Atienza-Sahuquillo, C. (2012). Entrepreneurial behavior: Impact of motivation factors on decision to create a new venture. European Research Management and Business Economics, 18, 132-138.
  • Borges, C., Filion, L. J., & Simard, G. (2008). Specificities of the Venture Creation Process by Women. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the ICSB/CIPE. Halifax, N.S., June.
  • Cachon, J.C., Codina, J.B., Eccius-Wellmann, C., McGraw, E., & Myers, DA (2013). Entrepreneurial motives and performance: Evidence from North America. Journal of Management Policy and Practice, 14, 50-77.
  • Cadieux, L., Lorrain, J., & Hugron, P. (2002). La succession dans les entreprises familiales dirigées par les femmes: une problématique en quête de chercheurs. Revue Internationale P.M.E, 15, 115‐130.
  • Carsrud, A., & Brännback, M. (2011). Entrepreneurial motivations: What do we still need to know? Journal of Small Business Management, 49, 9-26.
  • Carsrud, A., & Brännback, M. (Eds.) (2009). Understanding the Entrepreneurial Mind: Opening the Black Box. Heidelberg: Springer.
  • Chahin, N., Cosí, S., Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Vigil-Colet, A. (2010). Stability of the factor structure of Barrat's Impulsivity Scales for children across cultures: A comparison of Spain and Colombia. Psicothema, 22, 983-989.
  • De Jong, J.P.J.,Parker, S.K.,Wennekers, S.,& Wu, C.H.(2013). Entrepre-neurial behavior in organizations: Does job design matter?. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, December, 1-15.
  • DeVellis, R.F. (1991). Scale development: Theory and applications, Newbury Park : Sage Publications.
  • GEM (2013). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2013 Global Report. Chile, Santiago: Global Entrepreneurship Research Center at School of Business and Economics, Universidad del Desarrollo.
  • George, B.A., & Marino, L. (2011). The epistemology of entrepreneurial orientation: Conceptual formation, modeling, and operationalization. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, September, 989-1023.
  • Hambleton, R.K., Merenda, P.F., & Spielberger, C.D. (2005). Adapting educational and psychological tests for cross-cultural assessment. London: Erlbaum.
  • Hambleton, R.K., & Zenisky, A.L. (2011). Translating and adapting tests for cross-cultural assessments. In D. Matsumoto y F.J.R. van de Vijver (Eds.), Cross-cultural research methods in psychology (pp. 46-70). Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Highhouse, S., & Gillespie, J. Z. (2008). Do samples really matter that much? En C.E. Lance y R. J. Vandenberg (Eds.), Statistical and methodological myths and urban legends: Received doctrine, verity, and fable in the organizational and social sciences (pp. 247–266). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
  • Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S., & Naffziger, D. W. (1997). An examination of owner's goals in sustaining entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Management, 35, 24-33.
  • Lattin, J., Carroll, D. J., & Green, P. E. (2003). Analyzing multivariate data. Pacific Grove. Duxbury Press.
  • Lorenzo-Seva, U. (1999). Promin: a method for oblique factor rotation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 34, 347-365.
  • Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Ferrando, P.J. (2006). FACTOR: A computer program to fit the exploratory factor analysis model. Behavioral Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 38, 88-91.
  • Lumpkin, G.T., Cogliser, C.C., & Schneider, D.R. (2009). Understanding and measuring autonomy: An entrepreneurial orientation perspective. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, January, 47-69.
  • Mai, Y., & Wen, Z. (2013). Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM): An Integration of EFA and CFA. Advances in Psychological Science, 21, 934-939.
  • Manolova, T.S., Brush, G.B., & Edelman, L.F. (2008). What do woman entrepreneurs want?. Strategic Change 17, 69‐82.
  • Marsh, H. W., Liem, G. A. D., Martin, A. J., Morin, A. J. S., & Nagengast, B. (2011). Methodological measurement fruitfulness of exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM): New approaches to key substantive issues in motivation and engagement. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 29, 322-346.
  • Marsh, H.W.,Lüdtke, O.,Nagengast, B.,Morin, A.J. S., & Von Davier, M. (2013). Why item parcels are (almost) never appropriate: Two wrongs do not make a right-Camouflaging misspecification with item parcels in CFA Models. Psychological Methods, 18, 257-284.
  • Mattis, M.C. (2000). Women entrepreneurs in the United Sates. In M.J. Davidson & R.J. Burke, Women in management: current research issues (pp. 53–68). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • McMillan, L.H.W., Brady, E.C., O'Driscoll, M.P., & Marsh, N. V. (2002). A multifaceted validation study of Spence and Robbins' (1992). Workaholism Battery. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75, 357-368.
  • Merino, E., Carbonero, M. A., Moreno, B., & Morante, M.E. (2006). Irritation: Analysis of an instrument to assess stress at work. Psicothema, 18, 419-424.
  • Minniti, M., Bygrave, W., & Autio, E. (2006). Global entrepreneurship monitor: 2005 Executive Report. London: London Business School.
  • Mohr, G., Müller, A., Rigotti, T., Aycan, Z., & Tschan, F. (2006). The as-sessment of psychological strain in work contexts: concerning the structural equivalency of nine language adaptations of the Irritation-scale. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 22, 198-206.
  • Morales-Gualdrón, S.T., Gutiérrez-Gracia, A., & Roig-Dobón, S. (2009). The entrepreneurial motivation in academia: a multidimensional construct. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 5, 301-317.
  • Morin, A.J.S., Marsh, H.W., & Nagengast, B. (2013). Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (Chapter 10). In Hancock, G. R., & Mueller, R. O. (Eds.). (2013). Structural equation modeling: A second course. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing, Inc.
  • Morris, M.H., Miyasaki, N.N., Watters, C.E., & Coombes, S.M. (2006). The dilemma of growth: Understanding venture size choices of women entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business Management, 44, 221-244.
  • Muñiz, J., Elosua, P., & Hambleton, R. K. (2013). International Test Commission Guidelines for test translation and adaptation: Second edition. Psicothema, 25, 151-157.
  • Muthen, B., & Kaplan, D. (1992). A comparison of some methodologies for the factor analysis of non-normal Likert variables: A note on the size of the model. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 45, 19-30.
  • Naffziger, D.W., Hornsby J.S., & D.F. Kuratko (1994). A proposed re-search model of entrepreneurial motivation. Entrepreneurial Theory and Practice, Printemps, 29-41.
  • Padilla, J. L., Gómez. J., Hidalgo. M. D., & Muñiz. J. (2007). Esquema conceptual y procedimientos para analizar la validez de las consecuencias del uso de los test [Conceptual framework and procedures to assess the validity of the consequences of the use of tests]. Psicothema, 19, 173-178.
  • Petrakis, P. E. (2007). The effects of risk and time on entrepreneurship.
  • International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 3, 277-291.
  • Pinfold, J.F. (2001). The expectations of new business founders: The New Zealand case. Journal of Small Business Management, 39, 279-285.
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879-903.
  • Robichaud, Y., & McGraw, E. (2008). Les motivations entrepreneuriales comme facteur explicative de la taille des entreprises. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 21, 1, 59-74.
  • Robichaud, Y., Cachon, J. C., & Haq, R. (2010). Motives, success factors, and barriers among Canadian female entrepreneurs: The case of Greater Sudbury. Entrepreneurial Practice Review, 1, 36-65.
  • Robichaud, Y., McGraw, E., & Roger, A. (2001). Toward the development of a measuring instrument for entrepreneurial motivation. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 6, 189-201.
  • Salanova, M., Schaufeli, W.B., Llorens, S., Peiró, J.M. & Grau, R. (2000). Desde el 'burnout' al 'engagement': ¿una nueva perspectiva? [From burnout to 'engagement': a new perspective?]. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y las Organizaciones, 16, 117-134.
  • Sánchez-García, J.C., Boada-Grau, J., Prizmic-Kuzmica, A-J., & Hernández-Sánchez, B. (2014). Psychometric properties and the factor structure of the Spanish version of the cognitive adaptability (MAC) scale. Universitas Psychologica, 13, 1-18.
  • Timmerman, M.E., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2011). Dimensionality assessment of ordered polytomous items with parallel analysis. Psychological Methods, 16, 209-220.
  • Vellicer, W. F. (1976). Determining the number of components from the matrix of partial correlations. Psychometrika, 41, 321-327.
  • Williams, C.C. (2009). The motives of off-the-books entrepreneurs: necessity- or opportunity-driven? International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 5, 203-217.