El fenómeno migratorioUna historia interminable de retos para las administraciones públicas de todo lugar y tiempo. Del Reformismo social de Chicago a la Agenda Europea de Migración. ¿Hemos avanzado?

  1. ZULIMA SÁNCHEZ SÁNCHEZ 1
  1. 1 Universidad de Salamanca
    info

    Universidad de Salamanca

    Salamanca, España

    ROR https://ror.org/02f40zc51

Aldizkaria:
Revista del Ministerio de Empleo y Seguridad Social: Revista del Ministerio de Trabajo, Migraciones y Seguridad Social

ISSN: 2254-3295

Argitalpen urtea: 2019

Zenbakia: 145

Orrialdeak: 21-55

Mota: Artikulua

DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openSarbide irekia editor

Beste argitalpen batzuk: Revista del Ministerio de Empleo y Seguridad Social: Revista del Ministerio de Trabajo, Migraciones y Seguridad Social

Laburpena

Migrations are and have been a challenge for Public Administration, especially at the local government level. Migrations necessarily bring legal reforms and changes to procedures and administrative law. The needs of migrants that come to a new city implies to provide new services for them and also to find ways to make their needs to be heard at city hall. To know the reality that migrants go through in their daily lives, it is necessary to take the right decisions to integrate them as soon as possible. That is one of the pillars of the European Agenda of Migration approved in 2015. Local government does not always have the competences to support the needs and create the conditions for integration. Reforms are needed at a superior level: national or regional government sometimes are the ones with competences and financial support to handle the situation, but are not willing to help local government. Supra-national decisions are helpful for creating the right conditions for migrants as the European Agenda of Migration has tried to provide. The tensions between the policies protecting the rights and freedoms of all migrants and refugees and those intended to ensure the security of the citizens of each country find policy nowadays a metaphor for the struggle of values that the twenty-First Century world is living through. Today the policy on migration is an election between giving continuity to regulations that do not always protects the rights and freedoms of refugees or those irregular migrants, or striving to fortify measures to ensure the security of citizens and forgetting to give them social care or create policies of integration. Therefore, the purpose of migration policy is two-faced: on the one hand, to ensure the containment of the illegal entry of foreigners and prevent human trafficking and labor exploitation and, on the other, to build a Europe of asylum and integration to guarantee common minimum rights to immigrants and guarantee their integration in Europe. These are the main policies developed in the European Agenda of Migration in 2015. One of the main policy lines deals with the reception of migrants, social care, integration and the role of public servants and civil society in the implementation of such policies. Following the subsidiarity principle, the nearest level of government –local government– should be the one on charge of implementing such a policy together with NGO, associations and civil society. An historical approach to this new policies is taken into consideration in this article. A lot of public institutions are finding themselves now in the position to find a way to implement such a new guidelines in Europe (police, local governments, social services…). But this is nothing new and it has been done before. Chicago has faced in recent history different waves of migration of those looking for the «promised land». Jane Addams, in a recent study by Shields and Soeters, has been recognized as a «pioneer in public administration and peace theory by being able to refine an expansive notion of peace that incorporated social justice and social equity». She was critical of the municipal government of Chicago, were she was a settlement leader. She won the Nobel Prize for her work with immigrants and for her idea of peace and created a social reformist culture in Chicago with other major Professors like Graham Taylor. The way they worked to integrate migrants is shown in this article as well as their influence to change regulations and decisions in public administration in their time. This article presents the difficulties and solutions taken in the European Union on migration and compares them with a study of the work that was done by social reformers. The outlines of social reformers in Spain and other countries are given before describing how social reformers in United States influenced the idea of social public administration. Then the projects that took place in Chicago last century are explained and also the reason why they must be taken into consideration to compare them to the European decisions on migration. How social reformers participated in the decision-making process of reforms in the city of Chicao is explained, as well as their pursuit of empowerment of local government and the regulation of the Chicago Plan of 1909. The article describes measures that can be linked to the European Agenda of Migration. Social Reformists, created in the beginning of last century, sought the proper conditions to change the legal regulations and found the mechanisms to start these idea of a social public Administration in United States. Chicago was a laboratory for this reforms and is also an example of public participation in local government decision making process to integrate and improve migrants living conditions. This example as well gives them voice through mechanism of citizen participation in local government. This article describes the influence of social reformist in the legal reforms taken by public administrations and describes how they were able to implicate Local Government in social measures to improve living conditions of migrants. That measures are not that different from those taken by the European Agenda of Migrations, also analyzed in the article. Reforms are necessary to integrate migrants and should transform Public Administration.

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Esta investigación fue financiada por Newberry Library Chicago and the Study Abroad Foundation.

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