Pre-professional journalistic cultures of Cuba, Ecuador and VenezuelaPerceptions of students about ethics and journalism practices

  1. Oller-Alonso, Martín 1
  2. Arcila-Calderón, Carlos 2
  3. Oliveira-Pérez, Dasniel 1
  1. 1 Universidad de La Habana
    info

    Universidad de La Habana

    La Habana, Cuba

    ROR https://ror.org/04204gr61

  2. 2 Universidad de Salamanca
    info

    Universidad de Salamanca

    Salamanca, España

    ROR https://ror.org/02f40zc51

Revista:
Comunicación y sociedad = Communication & Society

ISSN: 2386-7876

Año de publicación: 2019

Volumen: 32

Número: 4

Páginas: 93-107

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.15581/003.32.4.93-107 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: Comunicación y sociedad = Communication & Society

Resumen

This paper analyses the pre-professional journalistic culture of Ecuador, Cuba and Venezuela based on the degree of permissiveness held by Journalism students in regard to controversial ethical practices and their views of the media and the journalistic profession. We surveyed a probabilistic sample of 1,273 students from 21 universities enrolled on their first course (Ecuador=500, Venezuela=390, Cuba=383) in 2016. The results show that future journalists are reluctant to accept questionable journalistic practices, and hold a pessimistic view as to the quality and confidence of the media and the profession. We found that the degree of permissiveness is related to the perceived risk-reward analysis in terms of the quality of journalism in Cuba and Ecuador, and that the student perceptions of ethics differ in Venezuela and Ecuador. We conclude that, despite their political similarities in terms of having left-wing Governments, perceptions in the three countries diverge.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Adam, G. S. (2001). The education of journalists. Journalism, 2(3), 315-339. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/146488490100200309
  • Aguirre, J. M. (1998). La estructuración de la identidad profesional del comunicador social en Venezuela. Caracas: Universidad Católica Andres.
  • Alysen, B. & Oakham, M. (1996). The Jana Wendt factor: an empirical study of myths and misconceptions among journalism students. Australian Journalism Review, 18(1), 39-52. Retrieved from https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=980201611;res=IELAPA
  • Aquino, R., Bierhoff, J., Orchard, T. & Stone, M. (2002). The European Multimedia Landscape. Media Report. Heerlen: International Institute of Infonomics.
  • Arcila, C., Calderín, M., Oller, M., Páez, A. & Tovar, R. (2016). Venezuela. Perfil, hábitos de consumo mediático y futuro profesional de los estudiantes de periodismo y comunicación social. In A. Amado & M. Oller (Ed./Coord.), El periodismo por los periodistas Perfiles profesionales en las democracias de América Latina (pp. 132-142). Montevideo: Konrad Adenauer Stiftung.
  • Bjørnsen, G., Hovden, J. F. & Ottosen, R. (2007). Journalists in the making: Findings from a longitudinal study of Norwegian journalism students. Journalism Practice, 1(3), 383‐403. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/17512780701505085
  • Bossio, D. (2011). Defining Journalistic Professionalism within the Higher Education System. The International Journal of the Humanities, 8(10), 55-65. Retrieved from https://researchbank.swinburne.edu.au/file/f8d27346-bbca-4186-85ba-646333e62d88/1/PDF%20%28Published%20version%29.pdf
  • Bowers, T. (1974). Student Attitudes toward journalism as a Major and a Career. Journalism Quarterly, 51(2), 265-70. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/107769907405100210
  • Carpenter, S., Grant, A. E. & Hoag, A. (2016). Journalism degree motivations: the development of a scale. Journalism and Mass Communication Educator, 71(1), 5-27. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/1077695814551835
  • Casero-Ripollés, A., Ortells-Badenes, S. & Doménech-Fabregat, H. (2013). Las competencias profesionales en periodismo: una evaluación comparativa. Historia y Comunicación Social, 18, 53-64. (estudio en España). https://www.doi.org/10.5209/rev_HICS.2013.v18.44311
  • Chia, R. (1995). From modern to postmodern organizational analysis. Organization Studies, 16(4), 579-604. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/017084069501600406
  • Corporación Latinobarómetro (2017). Informe 2017. Retrieved from http://www.latinobarometro.org/lat.jsp
  • Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297-334. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02310555
  • Deuze, M. & Witschge, T. (2017). Beyond journalism: Theorizing the transformation of journalism. Journalism, 1-17. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/1464884916688550
  • Deuze, M., Neuberger, Ch. & Paulussen, S. (2004). Journalism Education and Online Journalists in Belgium, Germany, and The Netherlands. Journalism Studies, 5(1), 19-29. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/1461670032000174710
  • Donsbach, W. (2008). Journalists´ role perceptions. In W. Donsbach (Ed.), The international encyclopedia of communication, 6, 2605-2610. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Donsbach, W. & Patterson, T. (2004). Journalisten in der politischen Kommunikation. Professionelle Orientierungen von Nachrichtenredakteuren im internationalen Vergleich. In F. Esser & B. Pfetsch (Eds.), Politische Kommunikation im internationalen Vergleich: Grundlagen, Anwendungen, Perspektive (pp. 281-304). Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag.
  • García, J. (2013). Revolución, socialismo, periodismo. La prensa y los periodistas cubanos ante el siglo XXI. La Habana: Editorial Pablo de la Torriente.
  • Goyanes, M. & Rodríguez-Gómez, E. F. (2018). Presentism in the newsroom: How uncertainty redefines journalists’ career expectations. Journalism, 1-17. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/1464884918767585
  • Gutiérrez Atala, F.; Odriozola Chéné, J. & Domínguez Panamá, J. J. (2016). La satisfacción de los periodistas de Ecuador, Chile y México frente a la formación universitaria y sus implicancias en el ejercicio profesional. Revista de Comunicación, 16(1), 76-96. Retrieved from https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6015156
  • Hanitzsch, T. (2007). Deconstructing journalism culture: Toward a universal theory. Mass Communication Theory, 17(4), 367-385. https://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00303.x
  • Hanitzsch, T. (2009). Comparative journalism studies. In K. Wahl-Jorgensen & T. Hanitzsch (Coords.), The handbook of journalism studies (pp. 413-427). New York/London: Routledge. Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Hanitzsch, T. (2010). Deconstructing journalism culture: Toward a universal theory. In D. A. Berkowitz (Ed.), Cultural Meaning of News. A text reader (pp. 33-49). California: SAGE Publications, Inc.
  • Hanusch, F., Mellado, C., Boshoff, P. et al. (2015). Journalism students’ motivations and expectations of their work in comparative perspective. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, 70(2), 141-160. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/1077695814554295
  • Hanusch, F. (2013). Moulding them in the industry’s image: journalism education’s impact on students’ professional views. Media International Australia incorporating Culture and Policy, 48-59. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/1329878X1314600108
  • Hanusch, F. & Hanitzsch, T. (2017). Introduction: Comparing Journalistic Cultures Across Nations. Journalism Studies, 18(5), 525-535. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2017.1280229
  • Hanusch, F., Clifford, K., Davies, I., English, P., Fulton, J., Lindgren, M., O’Donnell, P., Price, J., Richards, I. & Zion, L. (2016). For the lifestyle and a love of creativity: Australian students’ motivations for studying journalism. Media International Australia, 1-13. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/1329878X16638894
  • Hanusch, F., Mellado, C., Boshoff, P. et al. (2015). Journalism students’ motivations and expectations of their work in comparative perspective. Journalism and Mass Communication Educator, 70(2), 141-160. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/1077695814554295
  • Hayes, A. (2005). Statistical Methods for Communication Science. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Hovden J. F., Bjørnsen G., Ottosen R. et al. (2009). The Nordic journalists of tomorrow: an exploration of first year journalism students in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Nordicom Review, 30(1), 149-165. Retrieved from https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/nor.2009.30.issue-1/nor-2017-0144/nor-2017-0144.pdf
  • Hughes, S., Mellado, C., Arroyave, J., Benítez, J. L., de Beer, A., Garcés, M., Lang, K. & Márquez- Ramírez, M. (2017). Expanding Influences Research to Insecure Democracies: How violence, public insecurity, economic inequality and uneven democratic performance shape journalists’ perceived work environments. Journalism Studies, 18(5), 645-665. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1266278
  • Instituto Prensa y Sociedad (2015). Periodismo en arenas movedizas. Estudio 2015: Censura y Autocensura en periodistas y medios de comunicación en Venezuela. Retrieved from http://www.derechos.org.ve/pw/wp-content/uploads/Estudio-Censura-y-Autocensura-2015.pdf
  • Josephi, B. (2016). Journalism Education. In: Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication. Oxford: Oxford University Press USA.
  • Josephi, B. (2017). Journalists for a Young Democracy. Journalism Studies, 18, 495-510. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2015.1065199
  • Kreiss, D. & Brennan, J. S. (2016). Normative models of digital journalism. In C. Anderson, D. Domingo, H. Hermida & T. Witschge (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of digital journalism (pp. 299-314). London: SAGE.
  • Kumylganova, I. A. (2017). Ethical Education at western schools of journalism. World of Media. Journal of Russian media and journalism studies, 184-199. Retrieved from http://worldofmedia.ru/World_of_Media_2017.pdf#page=184
  • LAJP & CELAP (2003). Journalism Training and Institution Building in Central American Countries. PPC Evaluation working paper, 5.
  • Mellado, C. (2009). Evolución del campo ocupacional y académico del periodista latinoamericano: lógicas de mercado y esquemas de formación. Opción, 25(59), 11-24. Retrieved from http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/src/inicio/ArtPdfRed.jsp?iCve=31012510002
  • Mellado, C., Hanusch, F., Humanes, M. L., Roses, S., Pereira, F., Yez, L., De León, S., Márquez, M., Subervi, F. & Wyss, V. (2013). The pre-socialization of future journalists. Journalism Studies, 14(6), 857-874. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2012.746006
  • Mellado, C. & Scherman, A. (2015). Estudiantes de periodismo en Chile: percepción sobre la profesión, su futuro laboral y el desempeño de los medios. Retrieved from http://www.periodismoucv.cl/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Informe-FINAL_Estudiantes-dePeriodismo-en-Chile.pdf
  • Milojević, A., Krstić, A. & Ugrinić, A. (2016). The Future of Journalism as a System, Profession and Culture: The Perception of Journalism Students. Medij. istraž., 22(2), 83-105. https://www.doi.org/10.22572/mi.22.2.5
  • Olivera, D. (2017). Referentes críticos, paradojas y desafíos de las políticas de comunicación en el contexto cubano. In F. Sierra Caballero & R. E. Vallejo Castro (Eds.), Derechos a la comunicación, procesos regulatorios y democracia en América Latina (pp. 185-213). Quito: CIESPAL.
  • Oller, M. & Chavero, P. (2016). Journalism in Latin America: Journalistic Culture of Ecuador. Granada: EDICSO.
  • Oller, M. & Meier, K. (2012). La cultura periodística de España y Suiza. Madrid: Editorial Fragua.
  • Oller, M., Olivera, D., Arcila, C., Chavero, P., Flores, K., Somohano, A., Calderín, M., Domínguez, O., Oliva, L. & Veliz, J. (2017). La cultura periodística pre-profesional en el triángulo de las Bermudas del periodismo latinoamericano: Cuba, Ecuador y Venezuela. In M. Oller (2017). Cultura(s) Periodística(s) Iberoamericana(s). La diversidad de un periodismo propio (pp. 223-274). La Laguna (Tenerife): Sociedad Latina de Comunicación Social.
  • Oller, M., Olivera, D., Hernández, O. & Argüelles, L. B. (2016). Ideology and professional culture of journalists in Cuba. Confidences, dialogues and senses of a profession. Mauritius: EAE.
  • Ortega, F. & Humanes, M. L. (2000). Periodistas del Siglo XXI. Sus motivaciones y expectativas profesionales. CIC. Cuadernos de Información y Comunicación, 5, 153-170. Retrieved from https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/935/93500508.pdf
  • Parsons, P. R. (1989). Values of Communication Students and Professional Self-Selection. Journalism Quarterly, 66(1), 161-8. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/107769908906600122
  • Pastor, M. Á. (2010). Quiero ser periodista: tras las motivaciones de la profesión periodística. Comunicar, XVII(34), 191-200. Retrieved from https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3167093
  • Pleasance, P. (2007). An Assessment of Media Ethics Education: Course Content and the Values and Ethical Ideologies of Media Ethics Students. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, 61(4), 378-96. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/107769580606100404
  • Pleasance, P., Skewes, E. A. & Hanitzsch, T. (2012). Ethical Orientations of Journalists around the Globe. Implications from a Cross-National Survey. Communication Research, 39(5), 641-661. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/0093650212450584
  • Remler, D. K., Waisanen, D. J. & Gabor, A. (2014). Academic Journalism. Journalism Studies, 15(4), 357-373. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2013.821321
  • Rodríguez Pallares, M., Rodríguez Barba, D. & Pérez Serrano, M. J. (2015). Percepciones profesionales y motivaciones para el acceso a la formación periodística. El caso de los estudiantes de periodismo de la universidad Complutense de Madrid. Fonseca, Journal of Communication, 11, 310-331. Retrieved from http://revistas.usal.es/index.php/2172-9077/article/view/13445/13724
  • Salaverría, R. (2016). Redefinir al comunicador. El profesional de la información, 25(2), 163-167. https://www.doi.org/10.3145/epi.2016.mar.02
  • Sanders, K., Hanna, M., Berganza, M. R. & Sanchez Aranda, J. J. (2008). Becoming journalists: A comparison of the professional attitudes and values of British and Spanish journalism students. European Journal of Communication, 23(2), 133-152. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/0267323108089219
  • Santos-Sainz, M. (2013). Los imaginarios de los futuros periodistas en Francia. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 68, 145-166. Retrieved from https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/819/81928785006.pdf
  • Scolari, C. A., Micó, J. L., Navarro, H. & Pardo, H. (2008). El periodista polivalente. Transformaciones en el perfil del periodista a partir de la digitalización de los medios audiovisuales catalanes. Zer-Revista de estudios de comunicación, 25, 37-60. Retrieved from http://repositori.uvic.cat/bitstream/handle/10854/2443/artconlli_a2008_scolari_alberto_periodista_polivalente.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  • Singh, J., Grizzle, A., Joan Yee, S. & Hope Culver, S. (Eds.) (2015). Media and Information Literacy for the Sustainable Development Goals. Goteborg: Nordicom.
  • Splichal, S. & Sparks, C. (1994). Journalists for the 21st century. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
  • Tejedor Calvo, S. & Cervi, L. (2017). Análisis de los estudios de Periodismo y Comunicación en las principales universidades del mundo. Competencias, objetivos y asignaturas. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 72, 1,626-1,647. Retrieved from https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6224585
  • Waisbord, S. (2013). Reinventing professionalism. Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press.
  • Weaver, D. H. (Ed.). (1998). The global journalist. Creskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
  • Yang, J. & Arant, D. (2014). The Roles and Ethics of Journalism: How Chinese Students and American Students Perceive Them Similarly and Differently. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, 69(1), 33-48. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/1077695813513767
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet