Diferencias de género en la valoración de la intensidad emocional de las expresiones faciales de alegría y tristeza

  1. Fernando Gordillo-León 1
  2. Lilia Mestas-Hernández 2
  3. Miguel A. Pérez-Nieto 1
  4. José M. Arana-Martínez 3
  1. 1 Universidad Camilo José Cela, España
  2. 2 Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, México
  3. 3 Universidad de Salamanca, España
Mostrar afiliaciones +
Revista:
Escritos de psicología

ISSN: 1138-2635,  1989-3809

Año de publicación: 2021

Volumen: 14

Número: 1

Páginas: 1-10

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.24310/ESPSIESCPSI.V14I1.12675 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

Otras publicaciones en: Escritos de psicología

Resumen

Las diferencias de género en el reconocimiento de las emociones podrían deberse a una mayor sensibilidad de las mujeres a las señales sutiles de las expresiones faciales. El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en analizar las diferencias de género en la valoración de los cambios en la intensidad emocional de las expresiones faciales de alegría y tristeza. La muestra estuvo formada por 222 participantes (77.5% mujeres), con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 30 años. Se utilizaron expresiones faciales ambiguas con diferentes porcentajes de alegría y tristeza (ambigüedad alta: 50%-50%, ambigüedad media: 25%-75%, ambigüedad baja: 0%-100%). Los participantes valoraron en qué grado una expresión ambigua reflejaba mayor intensidad emocional (alegría o tristeza) que una expresión neutra. Las mujeres percibieron mayor intensidad emocional en las expresiones de alegría con ambigüedad media (25% tristeza - 75% alegría) en comparación con los hombres. Además, solo las mujeres percibieron mayor intensidad afectiva en las expresiones de alegría (25% tristeza - 75% alegría) respecto a las de tristeza (75% tristeza - 25% alegría) con ambigüedad media. Se discuten los resultados a partir de la teoría del rol social, y se analizan sus implicaciones dentro del complejo contexto social en el que interaccionan los seres humanos.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Abbruzzese, L., Magnani, N., Robertson, I. H., & Mancuso, M. (2019). Age and gender differences in emotion recognition. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2371. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02371
  • Abrosoft (2010). FantaMorph (Version 5.0) [Computer software].
  • Barrett, L. F., & Bliss-Moreau, E. (2009). She’s emotional. He’s having a bad day: Attributional explanations for emotion stereotypes. Emotion, 9, 649-658. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016821
  • Barrett, L. F., Lane, R. D., Sechrest, L., & Schwartz, G. E. (2000). Sex differences in emotional awareness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1027–1035. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672002611001
  • Barrett, L. F., Robin, L., Pietromonaco, P. R., & Eyssell, K. M. (1998). Are women the “moreemotional” sex? Evidence from emotional experiences in social context. Cognition & Emotion, 12, 555–578. 15. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999398379565
  • Biaggio, M. K. (1980). Assessment of anger arousal. Journal of Personality Assessment, 44(3), 289–298. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4403_12
  • Biaggio, M. K. (1989). Sex differences in behavioral reactions to provocation of anger. Psychological Reports, 64(1), 23–26. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.64.1.23
  • Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., Sabatinelli, D., & Lang, P. J. (2001). Emotion and motivation II: sex differences in picture processing. Emotion, 1(3), 300–319. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.1.3.300
  • Calbi, M., Siri, F., Heimann, K. Barratt, D., Gallese, V., Kolesnikov, A., & Umiltà, M. A. (2019). How context influences the interpretation of facial expressions: a source localization high-density EEG study on the “Kuleshov effect”. Scientific Report, 9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37786-y
  • Carvalho, S., Leite, J., Galdo-Álvarez, S., & Gonçalves, Ó. F. (2012). The emotional movie database (EMDB):A self report and psychophysiological study. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 37(4), 279–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-012-9201-6
  • Ciarrochi J, Hynes K, & Crittenden N. (2005). Can men do better if they try harder: Sex and motivational effects on emotional awareness. Cognition & Emotion, 19(1), 133–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930441000102
  • Connolly, H. L., Lefevre, C. E., Young, A. W., & Lewis, G. J. (2019). Sex differences in emotion recognition: Evidence for a small overall female superiority on facial disgust. Emotion, 19(3), 455–464. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000446
  • Daly, M., & Wilson, M. (1988). Evolutionary social psychology and family homicide. Science, 242(4878), 519–524. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3175672
  • Davis, M. H. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 10(85).
  • Di Tella, M., Miti, F., Ardito, R., & Adenzato, M. (2020). Social cognition and sex: Are men and women really different? Personality and Individual Differences, 162(1), 110045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110045
  • Donges, U-S., Kersting, A., & Suslow. T (2012) Women’s greater ability to perceive happy facial emotion automatically: gender differences in affective priming. PLoS ONE 7(7), e41745. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041745
  • Doyle, M.A., & Biaggio, M. K. (1981). Expression of anger as a function of assertiveness and sex. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 37(1), 154–157. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198101)37:1<154::aid-jclp2270370130>3.0.co;2-l
  • Eagly, A. H., Wood, W., & Diekman, A. B. (2000). Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal. In T. Eckes & H. M. Trautner (Eds.), The developmental social psychology of gender (pp. 123–174). Erlbaum.
  • Fernández, C., Pascual, J. C., Soler, J., Elices, M., Portella, M. J., & Fernández-Abascal, E. (2012). Physiological responses induced by emotion-eliciting films. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback volume, 37(2),73–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-012-9180-7
  • Fischer, A. H., & Lafrance, M. (2015). What drives the smile and the tear: Why women are more emotionally expressive than men. Emotion Review, 7(1), 22-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073914544406
  • Fischer, A. H., Kret, M. E., & Broekens, J (2018). Gender differences in emotion perception and selfreported emotional intelligence: A test of the emotion sensitivity hypothesis. PLoS ONE, 13(1), e0190712. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190712
  • Fischer, A. H., Rodriguez-Mosquera, P. M., van Vianen, A. E., & Manstead, A. S. (2004). Gender and culture differences in emotion. Emotion, 4(1), 87–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.4.1.87
  • Fugate, J. M. B., Gouzoules, H., & Barrett, L. F. (2009). Separating production from perception: Perceiver-based explanations for sex differences in emotion. Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 5, 394–395. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X09990203
  • Gard, M. G., & Kring, A. M. (2007). Sex differences in the time course of emotion. Emotion, 7(2), 429–437. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.429
  • Gohier, B., Senior, C., Brittain, P. J., Lounes, N., & El-Hage, W. (2011). Gender differences in the sensitivity to negative stimuli: Cross-modal affective priming study. European Psychiatry, 28(2), 74-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.06.007.
  • Gong, X., Wong, N., & Wang, D. (2018). Are Gender Differences in Emotion Culturally Universal? Comparison of Emotional Intensity Between Chinese and German Samples. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 49(6), 993-1005. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022118768434
  • Grimshaw, G. M., Bulman-Fleming, M. B., & Ngo, C. (2004). A signal-detection analysis of sex differences in the perception of emotional faces. Brain and Cognition, 54(3), 248-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2004.02.029
  • Grossman, M., & Wood, W. (1993). Sex differences in intensity of emotional experience: a social role interpretation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(5), 1010–1022. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.65.5.1010
  • Hall, J. A. (1978). Gender effects in decoding nonverbal cues. Psychological Bulletin, 85(4), 845-857. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.85.4.845
  • Hall, J. A. (1984). Nonverbal sex differences: Communication accuracy and expressive style. Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Hall, J. A., & Matsumoto, D. (2004). Gender differences in judgments of multiple emotions from facial expressions. Emotion, 4(2), 201–206. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.4.2.201
  • Hall, J. A., Carter, J. D., & Horgan, T. G. (2000). Gender differences in nonverbal communication of emotion. In A. H. Fischer (Ed.), Studies in emotion and social interaction. Second series. Gender and emotion: Social psychological perspectives (p. 97–117). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511628191.006
  • Hampson, E., van Anders, S. M., & Mullin, L. I. (2006). A female advantage in the recognition of emotional facial expressions: Test of an evolutionary hypothesis. Evolution and Human Behavior, 27(6), 401-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2006.05.002
  • Hassin, R. R., Aviecer, H., & Bentin, S. (2013). Inherently ambiguous: Facial expressions of emotions, in context. Emotion Review, 5(1), 60–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073912451331
  • Herring, S. C., & Dainas, A. R. (2020). Gender and age Influences on interpretation of emoji functions. ACM Transactions on Social Computing 3(2), 10. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1145/3375629.
  • Hoffmann, H., Kessler, H., Eppel, T., Rukavina, S., & Traue, H. C. (2010). Expression intensity, gender and facial emotion recognition: Women recognize only subtle facial emotions better than men. Acta Psychologica, 135(3), 278-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.07.012
  • Hyde, J. S. (2014). Gender similarities and differences. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 65, 373–398. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115057
  • Karama, S., Lecours, A. R., Leroux, J. M., Bourgouin, P., Beaudoin, G., Joubert, S., & Beauregard, M. (2002). Areas of brain activation in men and men women during viewing of erotic film excerpts. Hum Brain Mapp, 16(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.10014
  • Kinoshita, A., Okamoto, Y., Okada, G., Demoto, Y., Kunisato, Y., Yoshimura, S., Onoda, K., Kamachi, M., & Yamawaki, S. (2012). Sex differences in neural activation to ambiguous facial expression in happy and sad context. Perceptual Motor Skills, 115(2), 349-59. https://doi.org/10.2466/22.24.PMS.115.5.349-359.
  • Kret, M. E., & De Gelder, B. (2012). A review on sex differences in processing emotional signals. Neuropsychologia, 50(7), 1211-1221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.12.022
  • Krys, K., Hansen, K., Xing, C., Domínguez, A., Szarota, P., & Morales, M. F. (2015). It Is Better to Smile to Women: Gender Modifies Perception of Honesty of Smiling Individuals Across Cultures. International Journal of Psychology, 50(2), 150-154. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12087
  • LaFrance, M., Hecht, M. A., & Paluck, E. L. (2003). The contingent smile: A metaanalysis of sex differences in smiling. Psychological Bulletin, 129(2), 305–334. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.305
  • Lee, T., Liu, H. L., Hoosaine, R., Liaod, W-T., Wud, C-T., Yuena, K., Chanf, C., Foxg, P. T., & Gaog, J. H. (2002). Gender differences in neural correlates of recognition of happy and sad faces in humans assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroscience Letters 333, 13–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(02)00965-5
  • Lyusin, D., & Ovsyannikova, V. (2016). Measuring two aspects of emotion recognition ability: Accuracy vs. sensitivity. Learning and Individual Differences, 52, 129–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2015.04.010
  • Matsumoto, D., & Hwang, H (2010). Judging faces in context. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(6), 393-402. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.17519004.2010.00271.x
  • Mazurski, E. J., Bond, N. W., Siddle, D. A., & Lovibond, P. F. (1996). Conditioning with facial expressions of emotion: Effects of CS sex and age. Psychophysiology, 33(4),416–425. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb01067.x
  • McClure, E. B. (2000). A meta-analytic review of sex differences in facial expression processing and their development in infants, children, and adolescents. Psychological Bulletin, 126(3), 424-453. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.3.424
  • Montagne, B., & Kessels, R. P. (2005). Frigerio E, de Haan EH, & Perrett DI. Sex differences in the perception of affective facial expressions: do men really lack emotional sensitivity? Cognitive Processing, 6(2), 136–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-005-0050-6
  • Niedenthal, P. M., Krauth-Gruber, S., & Ric, F. (2006). Psychology of emotion: Interpersonal, experiential and cognitive approaches. Psychology Press.
  • Prada, M., Rodrigues, D. L., Garrido, M. V., Lopes, D., Cavalheiro, B., & Gasparb, R. (2018). Motives, frequency and attitudes toward emoji and emoticon use. Telematics and Informatics, 35(7), 1925-1934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2018.06.005
  • Rahman, Q., Wilson, G. D., & Abrahams, S. (2004). Sex, sexual orientation, and identification of positive and negative facial affect. Brain and Cognition, 54(3), 179-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2004.01.002
  • Sawada, R., Sato, W., Kochiyama, T., Uono, S., Kubota, Y., Yoshimura, S., & Toichi, M. (2014). Sex differences in the rapid detection of emotional facial expressions. PloS One, 9(4), e94747. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094747
  • Saylik, R., Raman, E., & Szameitat, A. J. (2018). Sex differences in emotion recognition and working memory tasks. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1072. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01072
  • Schutte, N. S., Malouff, J. M., Hall, L. E., Haggerty, D. J., Cooper, J. T., Golden, C. J., & Dornheim, L. (1998). Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personality and individual differences, 25(2), 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00001-4
  • Shields S. A. (2002). Speaking from the heart: Gender and the social meaning of emotion. Cambridge University Press.
  • Spence, J. T., & Helmreich, R. L. (1978). Masculinity and femininity: Their psychological dimensions, correlates, and antecedents. University of Texas Press.
  • Thompson, A. E., & Voyer, D. (2014). Sex differences in the ability to recognise non-verbal displays of emotion: A meta-analysis. Cognition and Emotion, 28(7), 1164-1195. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2013.875889
  • Tottenham, N., Tanaka, J.W., Leon, A.C., McCarry, T., Nurse, M., Hare, T.A., Marcus, D.J., Westerlund, A., Casey, B.J., & Nelson, C. (2009). The NimStim set of facial expressions: judgments from untrained research participants. Psychiatry Research, 168, 242–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2008.05.006
  • Van Kleef, G. A., & De Dreu, C. K. W. (2010). Longer-term consequences of anger expression in negotiation: Retaliation or spillover? Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46(5), 753-760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.03.013
  • Vrana, S. R., & Rollock, D. (2002). The role of ethnicity, gender, emotional content, and contextual differences in physiological, expressive, and self-reported emotional responses to imagery. Cognition & Emotion, 16(1), 165–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930143000185
  • Wieser, M. J., & Brosch, T. (2012). Faces in context: a review and systematization of contextual influences on affective face processing. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 471. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00471
  • Wild, B., Erb, M., & Bartels, M. (2001). Are emotions contagious? Evoked emotions while viewing emotionally expressive faces: quality, quantity, time course and gender differences. Psychiatry Research, 102(2), 109–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1781(01)00225-6
  • Wingenbach, T. S. H., Ashwin, C., & Brosnan, M. (2018). Sex differences in facial emotion recognition across varying expression intensity levels from videos. PLoS ONE, 13(1), e0190634. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190634
  • Yoon, K. L., Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2009). Judging the Intensity of Facial Expressions of Emotion: Depression-Related Biases in the Processing of Positive Affect. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(1), 223–228. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014658
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet