Exposición de cadáveres en el yacimiento de Tordillos (Aldeaseca de la Frontera, Salamanca)perspectiva bioarqueológica y posibles implicaciones para el estudio del ritual funerario de Cogotas I

  1. Esparza Arroyo, Ángel
  2. Velasco Vázquez, Javier
  3. Delibes de Castro, Germán
Journal:
Zephyrus: Revista de prehistoria y arqueología

ISSN: 0514-7336

Year of publication: 2012

Issue: 69

Pages: 95-128

Type: Article

More publications in: Zephyrus: Revista de prehistoria y arqueología

Abstract

Despite new findings of tombs (often with secondary remains) the funerary information about the Cogotas I archaeological group remains too scanty. Consequently, non-preserving burial rites, including the exposure of corpses, have been suggested at some point. The discovery of a number of skele- tons in burial pits at the site of Tordillos encourages us to explore further the potential of that approach other postdepositional alterations) in two of them dating in the Protocogotas I phase. Based on this, and considering ethnographic and anthropological references, it is hypothesized that corpse exposure has been the Cogotas I funerary standard. Therefore, human remains that have subsisted would belong to a small fraction of the population, those who died in unforeseen or anomalous circumstances (�bad death�) and hence were relegated to burial pits. Thus, these tombs, that have been considered so far to be the Cogotas I standard funerary practice, would really be an exception.

Bibliographic References

  • ALEMÁN, I.; BOTELLA, M. y RUIZ, L. (1997): " Determinación del sexo en el esqueleto postcraneal. Estudio de una población mediterránea actual", Archivo Español de Morfología, 2, pp. 69-79.
  • ANDREWS, P. (1995): "Experiments in taphonomy", Journal of Archaeological Science, 22, pp. 147-153.
  • ANDREWS, P. y BELLO, S. (2006): "Pattern in human burial practice". En GOWLAND, R. y KNÜSEL, C. (eds.): Social archaeology of funerary remains. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 14-29.
  • ARIÈS, P. (1975): Essais sur l'histoire de la mort en Occident du moyen âge à nos jours. Paris: Éditions du Seuil.
  • ARNÁIZ, M. A.; PASCUAL, S. y ROJO, A. V. (1997): "Los semejantes y los otros: la sepultura múltiple simultánea de Villayerno-Morquillas, Burgos. Nota preliminar", Boletín del Seminario de Arte y Arqueología, 63, pp. 49-69.
  • ATKINSON, R. J. C. (1968): "Old mortality: some aspects of burial and population in Neolithic En - gland". En COLES, J. y SIMPSON, D. D. A. (eds.): Studies in Ancient Europe: essays presented to Stuart Piggott. Leicester: Leicester University Press, pp. 83-94.
  • BAMUNOVA, K. y ADOUKONOU, B. (1979): La mort dans la vie africaine. Paris: Présence africaine- UNESCO.
  • BARLEY, N. (1982): "The Dowayo Dance of Death". En HUMPHREYS, S. C. y KING, H. (eds.): Mortality and Immortality: The Anthropology and Archaeology of Death. London: Academic Press, pp. 149-159.
  • BEHRENSMEYER, A. (1978): "Taphonomic and ecological information from bone weathering", Paleobiology, 4 (2), pp. 150-162.
  • BELLO, S. y ANDREWS, P. (2006): "The intrinsic pattern of preservation of human skeletal and its influence on interpretation of funerary behaviors". En GOWLAND, R. y KNÜSEL, C. (eds.): Social archaeology of funerary remains. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 1-13.
  • BELLO, S.; SIGNOLI, M.; RABINO MASSA, E. y DUTOUR, O. (2002): "Les processus de conser - vation différentielle du squelette des individus immatures. Implications sur les reconstitutions paléodé mographiques", Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, n. s., t. 14, 3-4, pp. 245-262.
  • BINFORD, L. R. (1971): "Mortuary Practices: Their Study and Their Potential". En BROWN, J. A. (ed.): Approaches to the Social Dimensions of Mortuary Practices. Washington: Society for American Archaeology (Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology, n.o 25), pp. 6-29.
  • BINFORD, L. R. (1981): Bones. Ancient men and modern myths. New York-London-San Diego: Academic Press.
  • BLANCO GONZÁLEZ, A. (2011): "Práctica social, memoria y ritual en Cogotas I: esbozo teórico para un enfoque renovado", Trabajos de Prehistoria, 68.1, pp. 123-146.
  • BLANCO GONZÁLEZ, A. y FABIÁN GARCÍA, J. F. (2010): "Un hito de la memoria: el túmulo de El Morcuero (Gemuño, Ávila)", Munibe Antropologia-Arkeologia, 61, pp. 183-212.
  • BLASCO BOSQUED, M. C. (1987): "El Bronce Medio y Final". En 130 Años de Arqueología Madrileña. Madrid: Comunidad de Madrid, pp. 82-107.
  • BLASCO BOSQUED, M. C. (2004): "Los poblados ribereños de hoyos en el entorno madrileño: un modelo de asentamiento de la Edad del Bronce peninsular". En GARCÍA HUERTA, R. y MORALES HERVÁS, F. J. (coords.): La Península Ibérica en el II milenio A. C.: poblados y fortificaciones. Cuenca: Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, pp. 349-387.
  • BLASCO, M. C.; SÁNCHEZ CAPILLA, M. L. y CALLE, J. (1991): "Enterramientos del horizonte Protocogotas en el valle del Manzanares", CuPAUAM, 18, pp. 55-112.
  • BLOCH, M. E. F. (1982): "Death, women and power". En BLOCH, M. E. F. y PARRY, J. (eds.): Death and the regeneration of life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 211-30.
  • BLOCH, M. E. F. y PARRY, J. (1982): "Introduction: death and the regeneration of life". En BLOCH, M. E. F. y PARRY, J. (eds.): Death and the regeneration of life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-44.
  • BOTELLA, M.; ALEMÁN, I. y JIMÉNEZ, S. (1999): Los huesos humanos. Manipulación y alteraciones. Barcelona: Ediciones Bellaterra.
  • BRADLEY, R. (1998): The significance of monuments. On the shaping of human experience in Neolithic and Bronze Age Europe. London: Routledge.
  • BROWN, J. A. (1971): "The Dimensions of Status in the Burials at Spiro". En Approaches to the Social Dimensions of Mortuary Practices. Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology, 25, pp. 92-112.
  • BUIKSTRA, J. E. y UBELAKER, D. H. (eds.) (1994): Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains. Arkansas Archeological Survey Research Series, 44. Fayetteville: Archeological Survey.
  • CÁCERES, I.; LOZANO, M. y SALADIÉ, P. (2007): "Evidence for bronze age cannibalism in El Mirador Cave (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain)", American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 133 (3), pp. 899-917.
  • CACIOLA, N. (1996): "Wraiths, Revenants and Ritual in Medieval Culture", Past & Present, 152, pp. 3-45.
  • CARR, Ch. (1995): "Mortuary practices: Their social, philosophical-religious, circumstantial, and physical determinants", Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 2 (2), pp. 105-200.
  • CARR, G. y KNÜSEL, C. (1997): "The ritual framework of excarnation by exposure as the mortuary practice of the early and middle Iron Ages of central southern Britain". En GWILT, A. y HASELGROVE, C. (eds.): Reconstructing Iron Age Societies. New approaches to the British Iron Age. Oxford: Oxbow, pp. 167-173.
  • CHAMBON, Ph. (2003): Les morts dans les sépultures co - llectives néolithiques en France. Du cadavre aux restes ultimes. XXXV Supplément a Gallia Prehistoire. Bayeux.
  • CHAPMAN, R. y RANDSBORG, K. (1981): "Approaches to the archaeology of death". En CHAPMAN, R.; KINNES, I. y RANDSBORG, K. (eds.): The Archaeology of Death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-24.
  • CLARK, G. (1962): Prehistoric England. London: Batsford.
  • CLIFTON BLACK II, C. (1984): "Pauline Perspectives on Death in Romans 5-8", Journal of Biblical Literature, 103 (3), pp. 413-433.
  • CONKLIN, B. A. (2001): Consuming Grief. Compassionate Cannibalism. Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • COUNTS, D. R. (1976): "The Good Death in Kaliai", Omega, 7 (4), pp. 367-372.
  • COUNTS, D. A. y COUNTS, D. R. (2004): "The good, the bad, and the unresolved death in Kaliai", Social Science Medicine, 58 (5), pp. 887-897.
  • DEDET, B.; DUDAY, H. y TILLIER, A. M. (1991): "Inhumations de foetus, nouveau-nés et nourrissons dans les habitats protohistoriques du Languedoc: l'exemple de Gailhan (Gard)", Gallia, 48, pp. 59-108.
  • DELIBES DE CASTRO, G. (1983): "Grup cultural Las Cogotas I: una visiócritica", Tribuna d'Arqueología [1], pp. 85-92.
  • DELIBES DE CASTRO, G. (2010): "La investigación de las sepulturas colectivas monumentales del IV milenio A.C. en la Submeseta Norte española. Horizonte 2007". En Actas del Congreso Internacional sobre megalitismo y otras manifestaciones funerarias contemporáneas en su contexto social, económico y cultural. Munibe Supl. 32, San Sebastián: Aranzadi, pp. 12-56.
  • DELIBES, G.; ROJO, M. y SANZ, C. (1986): "Dómenes de Sedano. II. El sepulcro de corredor de Las Arni - llas (Moradillo de Sedano, Burgos)", Noticiario Arqueológico Hispano, 27, pp. 7-39.
  • DOMÍNGUEZ SOLERA, S. y DOMÍNGUEZ RODRIGO, M. (2009): "A taphonomic study of bone modification and of tooth-mark patterns of long limb bone portions by suids", International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 19, pp. 345-363.
  • DUDAY, H. (2005): "L'archéothanatologie ou l'archéologie de la mort". En DUTOUR, O.; HUBLIN, J. y VANDERMEERSCH, B. (eds.): Objets et méthodes en palé oanthropologie. Paris: Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques, pp. 153-207.
  • DUDAY, H. (2009): The archaeology of the dead. Lectures in Archaeothanatology. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
  • DUDAY, H.; COURTAUD, P.; CRUZEBY, E.; SELLIER, P. y TILLIER, A. M. (1990): "L'Anthropologie 'de te - rrain': reconnaissance et interprétation des gestes funéraires", Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, Nouvelle Série, tome 2 (3-4), pp. 29-49.
  • ESPARZA ARROYO, A. (1990): "Sobre el ritual funerario de Cogotas I", Boletín del Seminario de Estudios de Arte y Arqueología, LVI, pp. 105-143.
  • ESPARZA ARROYO, A.; VELASCO VÁZQUEZ, J. y DELIBES DE CASTRO, G. (e. p.): "HUM 2005-00139: Planteamiento y primeros resultados de un proyecto de investigación sobre la muerte en Cogotas I". En Reunión Científica "Homenaje a M.a Dolores Fernández- Posse. Cogotas I: una cultura de la Edad del Bronce en la Península Ibérica". Universidad de Va - lladolid, 19-22 de octubre de 2009. Valladolid.
  • FAITH, J. T.; MAREAN, C. y BEHRENSMEYER, A. K. (2007): "Carnivore competition, bone destruction, and bone density", Journal of Archaeological Science, 34, pp. 2025-2034.
  • GARCES-FOLEY, K. (2010): "Funeral and Mourning Rituals in America: Historical and Cultural Overview". En BREGMAN, L. (ed.): Religion, Death, and dying. Vol. III. Bereavement and Death Rituals. Santa Barbara: ABC Clio, pp. 1-24.
  • GEEST, S. VAN DER (2000): "Funerals for the Living: Conversations with Elderly People in Kwahu, Ghana", African Studies Review, 43 (3), pp. 103-129.
  • GLASKIN, K.; TONKINSON, M; MUSHABARASH, Y. y BURBANK, V. (eds.) (2008): Mortality, mourning and mortuary practices in indigenous Australia. Farnham: Ashgate Publ.
  • GONZÁLEZ-TABLAS SASTRE, F. J. y FANO MARTÍNEZ, M. A. (1994): "El fenómeno de la muerte en Cogotas I: una propuesta metodológica", Zephyrus, XLVII, pp. 93-103.
  • GUY, H.; MASSET, C. y BAUD, C. (1997): "Infant taphonomy", International Journal of Osteoarchaeo - logy, 7, pp. 221-229.
  • HAGLUND, W. (1997): "Dogs and coyotes: Postmortem involvement with human remains". En HAGLUND, W. y SORG, M. (eds.): Forensic taphonomy. The postmortem fate of human remains. Boca Raton: CRC Press, pp. 367-381.
  • HAYNES, G. (1980): "Evidence of carnivore gnawing on Pleistocene and recent mammalian bones", Paleobiology, 6 (3), pp. 341-351.
  • HAYNES, G. (1982): "Utilization and skeletal disturbances of North American prey carcases", Arctic, 35 (2), pp. 266-281.
  • HAYNES, G. (1983): "A guide for differentiating mammalian carnivore taxa responsible for gnaw damage to herbivore limb bones", Paleobiology, 9 (2), pp. 164-172.
  • HENDERSON, J. (1987): "Factors determining the state of preservation of human remains". En BODDINGTON, A.; GARLAND, A. y JANAWAY, R. (eds.): Death, decay and reconstruction. Approaches to archaeology and forensic science. Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 43-54.
  • HERTZ, R. (1905-1906): "Contribution à une étude sur la representation collective de la morte", L'Année Sociologique, X, pp. 48-137.
  • HILL, J. D. (1995): Ritual and rubbish in the Iron Age of Wessex. A study on the formation of a specific archaeological record. BAR British Series, 242. Oxford: Tempus Reparatum.
  • JANJUA, M. A. y ROGERS, T. L. (2008): "Bone weathering patterns of metatarsal v. femur and the postmortem interval in Southern Ontario", Forensic Science International, 178, pp. 16-23.
  • JESKE, R. y KUZNAR, L. (2001): "Canine digging behaviour and archaeological implications", Journal of Field Archaeology, 28 (3-4), pp. 383-394.
  • KIDD, K. E. (1953): "The Excavation and Historical Identification of a Huron Ossuary", American Antiquity, 18 (4), pp. 359-379.
  • KJORLIEN, Y.; BEATTIE, O. y PETERSON, A. (2009): "Scavenging activity can produce predictable patterns in surface skeletal remains scattering: Observations and comments from two experiments", Forensic Science International, 188, pp. 103-106.
  • KLIPPEL, W. y SYNSTELIEN, J. (2007): "Rodents as Taphonomic Agents: Bone Gnawing by Brown Rats and Gray Squirrels", Journal of Forensic Scien - ces, 52 (4), pp. 765-773.
  • KUZNAR, L. y JESKE, R. (2006): "Analogic Reasoning, Ethnoarchaeology, and the impact of canines on the Archaeological Record", Archaeological Papers of American Anthropological Association, 16 (1), pp. 37-46.
  • LARSSON, A. (2003): "Secondary burial practices in the Middle Neolithic. Causes and Consequences", Cu - rrent Swedish Archaeology, 11, pp. 153-170.
  • LEWIS, M. (2007): The Bioarchaeology of Children. Pers - pectives from Biological and Forensic Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • LINDENLAUF, A. (2001): "Thrown Away like Rubbish- Disposal of the Dead in Ancient Greece", Papers from the Institute of Archaeology, 12, pp. 86-99.
  • LYMAN, R. y FOX, G. (1989): "A critical evaluation of bone weathering as an indication of bone assemblage formation", Journal of Archaeological Science, 16, pp. 293-317.
  • LYMAN, R. y FOX, G. (1997): "A critical evaluation of bone weathering as an indication of bone assemblage formation". En HAGLUND, W. y SORG, M. (eds.): Forensic taphonomy. The Postmortem Fate of Human Remains. Boca Raton: CRC Press, pp. 223-247.
  • MADGWICK, R. (2008): "Patterns in the modification of animal and human bones in Iron Age Wessex: Revisiting the excarnation debate". En DAVIS, O. P.; SHARPLES, N. M. y WADDINGTON, K. E. (eds.): Changing Perspectives on the First Millennium BC. Oxford: Oxbow, pp. 99-118.
  • MAREAN, C. y BERTINO, L. (1994): "Intrasite spatial analysis of bone: subtracting the effect of secondary carnivore consumers", American Antiquity, 59 (4), pp. 748-768.
  • MAYS, S. (1998): The archaeology of human bones. London: Routledge.
  • METCALF, P. y HUNTINGTON, R. (1991): Celebrations of Death: the Anthropology of Mortuary Ritual. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • MILNER, G.; LARSEN, C. S.; HUTCHINSON, D.; WILLIAMSON, M. y HUMPF, D. (2000): "Conquistadors, excavators, or rodents: What damaged the King Site skeletons?", American Antiquity, 65 (2), pp. 355-363.
  • MISIEGO, J. C; MARTÍN CARBAJO, M. A.; MARCOS CONTRERAS, G. J.; SANZ GARCÍA, F. J. y OLLERO CUESTA, F. J. (e. p.): "Enterramientos humanos de la Edad del Bronce en el yacimiento de Tordillos (Aldeaseca de la Frontera, Salamanca): ¿Un cementerio del horizonte Cogotas I?". En Reunión Científica "Homenaje a M.a Dolores Fernández-Posse. Cogotas I: una cultura de la Edad del Bronce en la Península Ibérica". (Universidad de Valladolid, 19-22 de octubre de 2009). Valladolid.
  • MOLLESON, T. (2009): "Two Sasanian ossuaries from Bushehr, Iran. Evidence for exposure of the dead", Bioarchaeology of the Near East, 3, pp. 1-16.
  • MORAITIS, K. y SPILIOPOULOU, C. (2010): "Forensic implications of carnivore scavenging on human remains recovered from outdoor locations in Greece", Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 17, pp. 298-303.
  • MORAN, N. y O'CONNOR, T. (1992): "Bones that cats gnawed upon: a case study in bone modification", Circaea, 9 (1), pp. 27-34.
  • MORÁN BARDÓN, C. (1931): Excavaciones en los Dólmenes de Salamanca. Junta Superior de Excavaciones y Antigüedades, 113. Madrid.
  • MORENO, M.; DELIBES, G.; BASCONCILLOS, J. y VILLALOBOS, R. (2012): Piedra Alta, el guardián del tiempo. Excavación arqueológica al pie del menhir de San Pedro Samuel (Burgos). Burgos: Diputación Provincial.
  • MORRIS, I. (1989): Burial and ancient society: the rise of the Greek city-state. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • O'BRIEN, R.; FORBES, S.; MEYER, J. y DADOUR, I. (2010): "Forensically significant guilds in the southwest of Western Australia", Forensic Science International, 198, pp. 85-91.
  • PARKER PEARSON, M. (1999): The archaeology of death and burial. Phoenix Mill: Sutton Publishing.
  • PÉREZ RIPOLL, M. (1992): Marcas de carnicería, fracturas intencionadas y moderduras de carnívoros en huesos prehistóricos del Mediterráneo español. Alicante: Instituto de Cultura Juan Gil-Albert.
  • REDFERN, R. (2008): "New evidence for Iron Age se - condary burial practice and bone modification from Gussage All Saints and Maiden Castle (Dorset, England)", Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 27 (3), pp. 281-301.
  • REEVES, N. (2009): "Taphonomic effects of vulture scavenging", Journal of Forensic Science, 54 (3), pp. 523-528.
  • ROKSANDIC, M. (2002): "Position of skeleton remains as key to understanding mortuary behavior". En HAGLUND, W. y SORG, M. (eds.): Advances in Forensic Taphonomy. Method, Theory and Archaeological Perspectives. Boca Raton: CRC Press, pp. 100-117.
  • ROSS, A. y CUNNINGHAM, S. (2011): "Time-sincedeath and bone weathering in a tropical environment", Forensic Science International, 204, pp. 126-133.
  • RUITER, D. J. y BERGER, L. (2000): "Leopards as taphonomic agents in dolomitic caves-Implications for bone accumulations in the hominid-bearing deposits", Journal of Archaeological Science, 27, pp. 665-684.
  • RUIZ ZAPATERO, G. (2007): "Antes del Hierro. Cultura y sociedad en el centro de la Meseta (c. 1200-500 a.C.)", Zona Arqueológica, 10.1 (= Estudios sobre la Edad del Hierro en la Carpetania: registro arqueológico, secuencia y territorio, vol. 1), pp. 36-63.
  • RUIZ ZAPATERO, G. y LORRIO, A. J. (1995): "La muerte en el Norte peninsular durante el primer milenio A.C.". En FÁBREGAS VALCARCE, R.; PÉREZ LOSADA, F. y FERNÁNDEZ IBÁÑEZ, C. (eds.): Arqueoloxía da Morte. Arqueoloxía da Morte na Península Ibérica desde as Orixes ata o Medievo. Xinzo de Limia: Concello de Xinzo, pp. 223-248.
  • SALADIÉ, P.; HUGUET, R.; DÍEZ, C.; RODRÍGUEZ HIDALGO, A. y CARBONELL, E. (2011): "Taphonomic modifications produced by modern Brown bears (Ursus arctos)", International Journal of Osteoarchaeology (willeyonline.com DOI: 10.1002/oa.1237).
  • SCHEUER, L. y BLACK, S. (2000): Developmental juvenile osteology. London: Elsevier Academic Press.
  • SCHROEDER, S. (2001): "Secondary Disposal of the Dead: Cross-Cultural Codes", World Cultures, 12 (1), pp. 77-93.
  • SHAY, T. (1985): "Differentiated treatment of deviancy at death as revealed in anthropological and archaeo - logical material", Journal of Anthropological Archaeo - logy, 4, pp. 221-241.
  • SMITH, M. (2006): "Bones chewed by canids as evidence for human excarnation: a British case study", Antiquity, 80, pp. 671-685.
  • SPRONK, K. (2004): "Good death and bad death in ancient Israel according to biblical lore", Social Science & Medicine, 58, pp. 987-995.
  • STEADMAN, D. y WORNE, H. (2007): "Canine sca - venging of human remains in an indoor setting", Forensic Science International, 173, pp. 78-82.
  • STODDER, A. (2008): "Taphonomy and the nature of archaeological assemblages". En KATZENBERG, M. y SAUNDERS, S. (eds.): Biological anthropology of human skeletons. Hoboken-New Jersey: John Willey & Sons, pp. 71-114.
  • STODDER, A. L. W. y RIETH, T. (2011): "Ancient Mortuary Ritual and Human Taphonomy". En TE - RRELL, J. E. & SCHECHTER, E. M. (eds.): Exploring Prehistory on the Sepik Coast of Papua New Guinea. Fieldiana Anthropology, n. s., 42, pp. 197-217.
  • THOMAS, L. V. (1968): Cinq essais sur la mort africaine. Dakar: Université de Dakar.
  • THOMAS, L. V. (1982): La mort africaine. Idéologie funeraire en Afrique noire. Paris: Payot.
  • TODISCO, D. y MONCHOT, H. (2008): "Bone weathering in a periglacial environment: The Tayara Site (KbFk-7), Qikirtaq Island, Nunavik (Canada)", Artic, 61 (1), pp. 87-101.
  • TRAPANI, J.; SANDERS, W.; MITANI, J. y HEARD, A. (2006): "Precision and consistency of the taphonomic signature of predation by crowed hawkeagles (Stephanoaetus coronatus) in Kibale National Park", Palaios, 21, pp. 114-131.
  • TSALIKI, A. (2008): "Unusual Burials and Necrophobia: An Insight into the Burial Archaeology". En MURPHY, E. M. (ed.): Deviant Burial in the Archaeo - logical Record. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 1-16.
  • UBELAKER, D. (1997a): "Taphonomic applications in forensic anthropology". En HAGLUND, W. y SORG, M. (eds.): Forensic Taphonomy: The post mortem fate of human remains. Boca Raton: CRC Press, pp. 77-90.
  • UBELAKER, D. (1997b): Skeletal biology oh human remains from La Tolita, Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador. Smithsonian contributions to Anthropology, 41. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
  • UCKO, P. J. (1969): "Ethnography and archaeological interpretation of funerary remains", World Archaeo - logy, 1, pp. 262-280.
  • VAN GENNEP, A. (1909): Les rites de passage. Paris E. Nourry (trad. esp. Los ritos de paso. Madrid: Alianza, 2008).
  • VELASCO VÁZQUEZ, J. (2010): "Los restos humanos del Túmulo de El Morcuero (Gemuño, Ávila): una perspectiva bioarqueológica", Munibe Antropologia- Arkeologia, 61, pp. 213-219.
  • WAIT, G. A. (1985) Ritual and religion in Iron Age Britain. BAR British Series, 149. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
  • WILSON, C. E. (1981): "Burials with settlements in southern Britain during the pre-Roman Iron Age", Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology, 18, pp. 127-169.
  • YARROW, H. C. (1880): Introduction to the study of Mortuary Customs among the North American Indians. Washington: Smithsonian Institution.