¿En qué se diferencian las agresiones sexuales cometidas en solitario y en grupo? Una revisión sistemática

  1. Jesús de la Torre Laso 1
  2. José Carlos Toro Pascua 1
  3. Manuel Martín Rodríguez 1
  1. 1 Universidad de Salamanca, España
Revista:
Interdisciplinaria: Revista de psicología y ciencias afines = journal of psychology and related sciences

ISSN: 0325-8203,  1668-7027

Año de publicación: 2022

Volumen: 39

Número: 2

Páginas: 55-71

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.16888/INTERD.2022.39.2.4 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: Interdisciplinaria: Revista de psicología y ciencias afines = journal of psychology and related sciences

Resumen

El estudio de las agresiones sexuales ha tenido una gran relevancia e interés en la literatura. Las agresiones sexuales en grupo representan una pequeña proporción de todas las agresiones sexuales cometidas, pero presentan unas características específicas. La presente revisión sistemática examinó las variables de los delitos de agresión sexual cometidos en solitario versus en grupo. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos Psycinfo, Academic Search (EBSCO) y Google Scholar, y se encontraron ocho documentos que cumplían las condiciones de inclusión. Los resultados muestran que existe evidencia de las diferencias cualitativas entre las agresiones sexuales cometidas según el número de infractores. Las dinámicas que se promueven en los grupos explican la participación de los sujetos en las agresiones sexuales en grupo. El comportamiento colectivo favorece las agresiones sexuales en grupo por los procesos inherentes a él. Los delincuentes son, en su mayoría, hombres. Los delincuentes solitarios tienen una mayor edad y, a medida que los grupos son más grandes, la edad de los agresores disminuye. En cuanto a las víctimas, son más jóvenes que los agresores, sobre todo en los casos perpetrados por múltiples sujetos, y ofrecen una mayor resistencia ante las agresiones en solitario. Se ha confirmado que en las agresiones en grupo se llevan a cabo más actos sexuales y se utiliza más la violencia. Por otro lado, no aparecen diferencias en cuanto al uso de alcohol y la presencia de armas en las agresiones. Estos resultados tienen implicaciones para la prevención del delito y el tratamiento de las víctimas

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Akers, R. L. (1973). Deviant behavior: A social learning approach. Belmont, CA: Estados Unidos.
  • Angelone, D. J., Mitchell, D. y Grossi, L. (2015). Men’s perceptions of an acquaintance rape: The role of relationship length, victim resistance, and gender role attitudes. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(13), 2278-2303. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514552448
  • Amir, M. (1971). Patterns in forcible rape. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Artz, L. y Kunisaki, K. (2003). Rape during armed conflict and reflections on the “uncivil war” on women in South Africa. Ciudad del Cabo (Sudáfrica): Instituto para la Justicia y la Reconciliación.
  • Australian Boureau of Statistics (2004). Sexual Assault in Australia: a statistical overview. Australian Boureau of Statistics. https://www.abs.gov.au/
  • Bandura, A. (1984). Teoría del aprendizaje social. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe.
  • Bijleveld, C. C., Weerman, F. M., Looije, D. y Hendriks, J. (2007). Group sex offending by juveniles: Sexo coercitivo como actividad de grupo. European Journal of Criminology, 4, 5-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370807071728
  • Blanchard, R., Cantor, J. M. y Robichaud, L. K. (2006). Biological factors in the development of sexual deviance and aggression in males. The Juvenile Sex Offender, 2, 77-104. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020663723593
  • Bumby, K. M. (2000). Empathy inhibition, intimacy deficits, and attachment difficulties in sex offenders. En D. R. Laws, S. M. Hudson y T. Ward (Eds.), Remaking relapse prevention with sex offenders: A sourcebook, 143-166. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Chaib, F., Orton, J., Steels, K. y Ratsela, K. (2013). Estimaciones mundiales y regionales de la violencia contra la mujer: prevalencia y efectos de la violencia conyugal y de la violencia sexual no conyugal en la salud. Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud. https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/violence/9789241564625/es/
  • Chambers, J. C., Horvath, M. A. y Kelly, L. (2013). Reconstructing and sequencing behaviours in multiple perpetrator rape. Psychology, Crime & Law, 19(3), 253-275. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2011.631537
  • Cortoni, F., Babchishin, K. M. y Rat, C. (2017). The proportion of sexual offenders who are female is higher than thought: A meta-analysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 44(2), 145-162. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854816658923
  • Cortoni, F., Hanson, R. K. y Coache, M.-È. (2010). The recidivism rates of female sexual offenders are low: A meta-analysis. Sexual Abuse, 22(4), 387-401. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063210372142
  • Cossins, A. (2000). Masculinities, sexualities, and child sexual abuse. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Reconstructing and sequencing behaviours in multiple perpetrator rape. Psychology, Crime & Law, 19, 253-275. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2011.631537
  • Cowley, A. D. (2014). “Let’s get drunk and have sex” the complex relationship of alcohol, gender, and sexual victimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(7), 1258-1278. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513506289
  • Da Silva, T., Woodhams, J. y Harkins, L. (2014). Heterogeneity within multiple perpetrator rapes: A national comparison of lone, duo, and 3+ perpetrator rapes. Sexual Abuse, 26(6), 503-522. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063213497805
  • Dennison, S. M., Stough, C. y Birgden, A. (2001). The big 5 dimensional personality approach to understanding sex offenders. Psychology, Crime & Law, 7, 243-261. https://doi.org/10.1080/10683160108401796
  • Diener, E., Lusk, R., DeFour, D. y Flax, R. (1980). Deindividuation: Effects of group size, density, number of observers, and group member similarity on self-consciousness and disinhibited behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(3), 449. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.449
  • Edinburgh, L., Pape-Blabolil, J., Harpin, S. B. y Saewyc, E. (2014). Multiple perpetrator rape among girls evaluated at a hospital-based Child Advocacy Center: Seven years of reviewed cases. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(9), 1540-1551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.05.008
  • Franklin, K. (2004). Enacting masculinity: Antigay violence and group rape as participatory theater. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 1(2), 25-40.https://doi.org/10.1525/srsp.2004.1.2.25
  • Greenall, P. V. (2007). Sexual offending and antisocial personality: exploring the link. Journal of Forensic Practice, 9(3), 24. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2021.1889014
  • Gidycz, C. A. y Koss, M. P. (1990). A comparison of group and individual sexual assault victims. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 14(3), 325-342. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1990.tb00023.x
  • Goldstein, A. P. (2003). The psychology of group aggression. West Sussex, Reino Unido: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Gravelin, C. R., Biernat, M. y Bucher, C. E. (2019). Blaming the victim of acquaintance rape: Individual, situational, and sociocultural factors. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2422. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02422
  • Harkins, L. y Dixon, L. (2010). Sexual offending in groups: An evaluation. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15(2), 87-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2009.08.006
  • Harkins, L. y Dixon, L. (2013). A multi-factorial approach to understanding multiple perpetrator sexual offending. En J. L. Wood y T. A. Gannon (Eds.), Crime and crime reduction (pp. 93–114). East Sussex, Reino Unido: Routledge.
  • Hauffe, S. y Porter, L. (2009). An interpersonal comparison of lone and group rape offences. Psychology, Crime & Law, 15(5), 469-491. https://doi.org/10.1080/10683160802409339
  • Helfgott, J. B. (2015). Criminal behavior and the copycat effect: Literature review and theoretical framework for empirical investigation. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 22, 46-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.02.002
  • Higgs, T., James, J. y Proulx, J. (2019). The Unusual Suspects: Multiple-Perpetrator and Multiple Concurrent Victim Sexual Homicide. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 63(9), 1705–1725. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X19830854
  • Horvath, M. y Kelly, L. (2009). Multiple perpetrator rape: Naming an offence and initial research findings. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 151, 83-96. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600802653818
  • Hradilova S. K. y Shannon, D. (2012). Sexualbrott. Hagstedt, J. (red.). Brottsutvecklingen i Sverige 2008-2011. Stockholm: Brottsförebyggande rådet. Tillgänglig på webben.https://www.bra.se/download/18.22a7170813a0d141d21800052648/1371914741613/05%20Sexualbrott.pdf
  • Jewkes, R., Fulu, E., Roselli, T. y Garcia-Moreno, C. (2013). Prevalence of and factors associated with non-partner rape perpetration: findings from the UN Multi-country Cross-sectional Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific. The Lancet Global Health, 1(4), e208-e218. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(13)7006
  • Jozkowski, K. N., Peterson, Z. D., Sanders, S. A., Dennis, B. y Reece, M. (2014). Gender differences in heterosexual college students’ conceptualizations and indicators of sexual consent: Implications for contemporary sexual assault prevention education. The Journal of Sex Research, 51(8), 904-916. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2013.792326
  • Jozkowski, K. N. y Wiersma, J. D. (2015). Does drinking alcohol prior to sexual activity influence college students’ consent? International Journal of Sexual Health, 27(2), 156-174. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2014.951505
  • Krahé, B. (2020). The social psychology of aggression. East Sussex, Reino Unido: Routledge.
  • Lantz, B. (2020). Co-offending group composition and violence: The impact of sex, age, and group size on co-offending violence. Crime & Delinquency, 66(1), 93-122. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128719834564
  • Lim, Y. J. G. (2019). Multiple Perpetrator Sexual Assault: The Relationship Between the Number of Perpetrators, Blame Attribution, and Victim Resistance. CUNY Academic Works. https://academicworks.cuny.edu/jj_etds/53
  • Lundrigan, S. (2014). Victim gender, number of perpetrators, and interpersonal interaction in stranger rape: An analysis of direct and moderator effects. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 11(2), 95-114. https://doi.org/10.1002/jip.1408
  • Marshall, W. L. y Marshall, L. E. (2000). The origins of sexual offending. Trauma, Violence, y Abuse, 1(3), 250-263. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838000001003003
  • Matza, D. (2018). Delinquency and drift. East Sussex, Reino Unido: Routledge.
  • McGloin, J. M. y Piquero, A.R. (2009). I wasn’t alone: Collective behaviour and violent delinquency. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 42(3), 336-353. https://doi.org/10.1375/acri.42.3.336
  • Mgolozeli, S. E. y Duma, S. E. (2019). “As I was walking down the street, four strange guys came and took me under the bridge, where they all raped me”: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of the types of rape experienced by men in South Africa. American Journal of Men's Health, 13(6), https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988319882589.
  • Morgan, L., Brittain, B. y Welch, J. (2012). Multiple perpetrator sexual assault: how does it differ from assault by a single perpetrator? Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(12), 2415-2436. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260511433514
  • Morgan, L., Brittain, B. y Welch, J. (2015). Medical care following multiple perpetrator sexual assault: a retrospective review. International Journal of STD y AIDS, 26(2), 86-92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462414530886
  • Park, J. y Kim, S. (2016). Group size does matter: differences among sexual assaults committed by lone, double, and groups of three or more perpetrators. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 22(3), 342-354. https://doi.org//10.1080/13552600.2016.1144801
  • Porter, L. E. y Alison, L. J. (2001). A partially ordered scale of influence in violent group behavior: An example from gang rape. Small Group Research, 32(4), 475-497. https://doi.org/10.1177/104649640103200405
  • Porter, L. E. y Alison, L. J. (2006). Examining group rape: A descriptive analysis of offender and victim behaviour. European Journal of Criminology, 3(3), 357-381. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370806065586
  • Quarshie, E. N. B., Davies, P. A., Badasu, M. I. A., Tagoe, T., Otoo, P. A. y Afriyie, P. O. (2018). Multiple perpetrator rape in Ghana: offenders, victims and offence characteristics. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 24(1), 125-141, https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2017.1378024
  • Stemple, L., Flores, A. y Meyer, I. H. (2017). Sexual victimization perpetrated by women: Federal data reveal surprising prevalence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 34, 302–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2016.09.007
  • Surette, R. y Maze, A. (2015). Video game play and copycat crime: An exploratory analysis of an inmate population. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 4(4), 360. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000050
  • Tharp, A. T., DeGue, S., Valle, L. A., Brookmeyer, K. A., Massetti, G. M. y Matjasko, J. L. (2013). A systematic qualitative review of risk and protective factors for sexual violence perpetration. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 14(2), 133-167. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838012470031
  • Ward, T. (2000). Sexual offenders' cognitive distortions as implicit theories. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 5(5), 491-507. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-1789(98)00036-6
  • Ward, T., Polaschek, D. y Beech, A. R. (2006). Theories of sexual offending. West Sussex, Reino Unido: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Warr, M. (2002). Companions in crime: The social aspects of criminal conduct. Cambridge University Press.
  • Weerman, F. M. (2003). Co-offending as social exchange: Explaining characteristics of co-offending. British Journal of Criminology, 43(2), 398-416. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/43.2.398
  • Wijkman, M. D. y da Silva, T. (2020). Multiple perpetrator rape committed by female offenders: a comparison of solo, duo, and 3+ group offenders. Sexual Abuse, 33(3), 321-338. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063219897065
  • Wijkman, M., Weerman, F., Bijleveld, C. y Hendriks, J. (2015). Group sexual offending by juvenile females. Sexual Abuse, 27(3), 335-356. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063214561685
  • Woodhams, J. (2004). Characteristics of juvenile sex offending against strangers: Findings from a non-clinical study. Aggressive Behavior, 30, 243–253. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20053
  • Woodhams, J. y Cooke, C. (2013). Suspect aggression and victim resistance in multiple perpetrator rapes. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42(8), 1509-1516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-013-0136-7
  • Woodhams, J., Gillett, R. y Grant, T. (2007). Understanding the factors that affect the severity of juvenile stranger sex offenses: The effect of victim characteristics and number of suspects. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22(2), 218-237. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260506295349
  • Wright, R. y West, D. J. (1981). Rape - A comparison of group offences and lone assaults. Medicine, Science and the Law, 21(1), 25-30. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/002580248102100106
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet