Rational and statistical approaches in enhancing yield of ethylene carbonate in urea transesterification with ethylene glycol

Zusammenfassung

This work employs (i) a rational approach to improve material properties as catalyst for urea transesterification with ethylene glycol (EG) to ethylene carbonate (EC) over metal oxides and (ii) a statistical approach to maximize the desired product. For the rational approach, single and mixed metal oxides with different elemental combinations (Zn, Mg, Al, Fe) with a variety of acid-base properties were synthesized and evaluated for the reaction. The roles of acidity and basicity in the identified reaction paths were clarified based on product selectivities and kinetic parameters extracted from the concentration profiles of reactants and products in every reaction path by means of in situ IR monitoring and subsequent multivariate analysis. The paths towards EC are favorably catalyzed by acidic sites, while basic sites catalyze all paths towards undesired products. However, surface sites are blocked when acidity is too high and there exists an optimum value for the ratio of total acidic and basic sites to be an efficient catalyst in the targeted reaction. Mixed metal oxide consisting of Zn and Fe at 3:1 atomic ratio was found to be the optimum catalyst with a well-balanced acid-base property. Mechanistic study showed formation of species over catalyst surface – isocyanates and cyanates– indicating different mechanism of reagent activation. Isocyanates were mostly observed over basic Mg-containing oxides, whereas acidic and Zn-containing oxides promote cyanate formation.Furthermore, design of experiments (DoE) approach was used to statistically identify critical reaction parameters and optimize them for the best Zn- and Fe- containing catalyst. These approaches successfully gained insights into the determining material factors for the reaction and afforded excellent EC selectivity (up to 99.6%) with high yield.