Desigualdad económica y confianza socialevidencia de los cambios observados en 19 países entre 1990 y 2020

  1. Cristian Márquez Romo 1
  1. 1 Universidad de Salamanca
    info

    Universidad de Salamanca

    Salamanca, España

    ROR https://ror.org/02f40zc51

Revista:
REIS: Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas

ISSN: 0210-5233

Año de publicación: 2024

Número: 185

Páginas: 119-144

Tipo: Artículo

DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

Otras publicaciones en: REIS: Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas

Resumen

Análisis agregados o con datos individuales de sección cruzada indican que la desigualdad económica erosiona la confianza social. Este trabajo reevalúa esta asociación distinguiendo entre los componentes transversales y longitudinales de la desigualdad, usando para ello una muestra de casi 140 000 individuos de 19 países, a lo largo de treinta años (1990-2020). Los resultados sugieren que hay una relación negativa y robusta entre desigualdad y confianza entre países controlando por variables sociodemográficas y actitudinales, y por el efecto directo y condicional del ingreso. Los individuos en países con mayor desigualdad reportan sistemáticamente menor confianza social, pero la evidencia es menos consistente con que la confianza varíe con la desigualdad. En la segunda parte del trabajo se reafirman estos hallazgos utilizando datos a nivel subnacional de España entre 2008 y 2022.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Alesina, Alberto y La Ferrara, Eliana (2002). «Who Trusts Others?». Journal of Public Economics, 85(2): 207-234.
  • Beck, Nathaniel (2001). «Time-series-cross-section Data: What Have We Learned in the Past Few Years?». Annual Review of Political Science, 4: 271-293.
  • Berning, Carl y Ziller, Conrad (2017). «Social Trust and Radical Right-wing Populist Party Preferences». Acta Politica, 52: 198-217.
  • Bjørnskov, Christian (2007). «Determinants of Generalized Trust: A Cross-country Comparison». Public Choice, 130: 1-21.
  • Bjørnskov, Christian (2008). «Social Trust and Fractionalization: A Possible Reinterpretation». European Sociological Review, 24(3): 271-283.
  • Bricker, Jesse; Krimmel, Jacob y Ramcharan, Rodney (2021). «Signaling Status: The Impact of Relative Income on Household Consumption and Financial Decisions». Management Science, 67(4): 1993- 2009.
  • Coffé, Hilde y Geys, Benny (2006). «Community Heterogeneity: A Burden for the Creation of Social Capital?». Social Science Quarterly, 87(5): 1053-1072.
  • Coleman, James (1990). Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Converse, Nathan y Kapstein, Ethan B. (2008). «Poverty, Inequality, and Democracy: Why Democracies Fail». Journal of Democracy, 19(4): 57-68. Disponible en: https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/ articles/poverty-inequality-and-democracy-whydemocracies-fail/, acceso 6 de febrero de 2023.
  • Cook, Karen S. (2005). «Networks, Norms, and Trust: The Social Psychology of Social Capital». Social Psychology Quarterly, 68(1): 4-14.
  • Cozzolino, Philip J. (2011). «Trust, Cooperation, and Equality: A Psychological Analysis of the Formation of Social Capital». British Journal of Social Psychology, 50: 302-320.
  • Daniels, Joseph P. y Ruhr, Marc von der (2010). «Trust in Others: Does Religion Matter?». Review of Social Economy, 68(2): 163-186.
  • Delhey, Jan y Newton, Kenneth (2003). «Who Trusts? The Origins of Social Trust in Seven Societies». European Societies, 5(2): 93-137.
  • Diez Roux, Ana V. (2003). Potentialities and Limitations of Multilevel Analysis in Public Health and Epidemiology. En: D. Courgeau (ed.). Methodology and Epistemology of Multilevel Analysis (pp.  93-119). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Dingemans, Ellen e Ingen, Erik van (2015). «Does Religion Breed Trust? A Cross-national Study of the Effects of Religious Involvement, Religious Faith and Religious Context on Social Trust». Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 54(4): 739-755.
  • Duijndam, Sem y Beukering, Pieter van (2021). «Understanding Public Concern about Climate Change in Europe, 2008–2017: The Influence of Economic Factors and Right-wing Populism». Climate Policy, 21(3): 353-367.
  • Durkheim, Emilie (1984) [1893]. The Division of Labor in Society. New York: The Free Press.
  • Easterly, William (2007). «Inequality Does Cause Underdevelopment: Insights from a New Instrument». Journal of Development Economics, 84: 755-776.
  • Fairbrother, Malcolm (2014). «Two Multilevel Mode- ling Techniques for Analyzing Comparative Longitudinal Survey Datasets». Political Science Research and Methods, 2: 119-140.
  • Fairbrother, Malcolm y Martin, Isaac W. (2013). «Does Inequality Erode Social Trust? Results from Multilevel Models of US States and Counties». Social Science Research, 42(2): 347-360.
  • Feenstra, Robert C.; Inklaar, Robert y Timmer, Marcel P. (2015). «The Next Generation of the Penn World Table». American Economic Review, 105(10): 3150- 3182.
  • Freitag, Markus y Bühlmann, Marc (2009). «Crafting Trust. The Role of Political Institutions in a Comparative Perspective». Comparative Political Studies, 42(12): 1537-1566.
  • Freitag, Markus y Traunmüller, Richard (2009). «Spheres of Trust: An Empirical Analysis of the Foundations of Particularised and Generalised Trust». European Journal of Political Research, 48(6): 782-803.
  • Fukuyama, Francis (1995). Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. New York: Free Press.
  • Gallego, Aina (2016). «Inequality and the Erosion of Trust among the Poor: Experimental Evidence». Socio-Economic Review, 14(3): 443-460.
  • Graafland, Johan y Lous, Bjorn (2019). «Income Inequality, Life Satisfaction Inequality and Trust: A Cross Country Panel Analysis». Journal of Happiness Studies, 20: 1717-1737.
  • Hardin, Russell (2006). Trust. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Hastings, Orestes P. (2018). «Less Equal, Less Trusting? Longitudinal and Cross-sectional Effects of Income Inequality on Trust in U.S. States, 1973- 2012». Social Science Research, 74: 77-95.
  • Heisig, Jan P. y Schaeffer, Merlin (2019). «Why You Should Always Include a Random Slope for the Lower-Level Variable Involved in a CrossLevel Interaction». European Sociological Review, 35(2): 258-279.
  • INE. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (2021). Indicadores de Calidad de Vida. Desigualdad S80/S20. Disponible en: https:// www.ine.es/ss/Satellite?L=es_ES&c=INESecci on_C&cid=1259944509412&p=125473511067 2&pagename=ProductosYServicios%2FPYSL ayout&param1=PYSDetalleFichaIndicador&pa ram3=1259937499084, acceso 22 de febrero de 2023.
  • Inglehart, Ronald y Flanagan, Scott (1987). «Value Change in Industrial Societies». American Political Science Review, 81(4): 1289-1319.
  • Johnson, Noel D. y Mislin, Alexandra (2012). «How much Should We Trust the World Values Survey Trust Question?». Economics Letters, 116(2): 210-212.
  • Jordahl, Henrik (2007). «Inequality and Trust». IFN Working Paper No. 715. Disponible en: https:// www.ifn.se/Wfiles/wp/wp715.pdf, acceso 25 de noviembre de 2022.
  • Kanitsar, Georg (2022). «The Inequality-Trust Nexus Revisited: At What Level of Aggregation Does Income Inequality Matter for Social Trust?». Social Indicators Research, 163: 171-195.
  • Kawachi, Ichiro; Kennedy, B. P.; Lochner, K. y Prothrow-Stith, D. (1997). «Social Capital, Income Inequality, and Mortality». American Journal of Public Health, 87: 1491-1498.
  • Kennedy, B. P.; Kawachi, I.; Prothrow-Stith, D.; Lochner, K. y Gupta, V. (1998). «Social Capital, Income Inequality, and Firearm Violent Crime». Social Science & Medicine, 47(1): 7-17.
  • Knack, Stephen y Keefer, Philip (1997). «Does Social Capital Have an Economic Payoff? A Cross Country Investigation». Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112: 1251-1288.
  • La Porta, Rafael; Lopez-de-Silanes, Florencio; Shleifer, Andrei y Vishny, Robert W. (1997). «Trust in Large Organizations». American Economic Review, 87: 333-338.
  • Morris, Stephen D. y Klesner, Joseph L. (2010). «Corruption and Trust: Theoretical Considerations and Evidence From Mexico». Comparative Political Studies, 43(10): 1258-1285.
  • Piketty, Thomas y Saez, Emmanuel (2014). «Inequality in the Long Run». Science, 344(6186): 838-843.
  • Ridgeway, Cecilia (2014). «Why Status Matters for Inequality». American Sociological Review, 79: 1-16.
  • Rothstein, Bo y Uslaner, Eric M. (2005). «All for All: Equality, Corruption, and Social Trust». World Politics, 58(1): 41-72.
  • Sampson, Robert J.; Morenoff, Jeffrey D. y GannonRowley, Thomas (2002). «Assessing “Neighborhood Effects”: Social Processes and New Directions in Research». Annual Review of Sociology, 28(1): 443-478.
  • Sánchez-Ancochea, Diego (2020). The Costs of Inequality in Latin America: Lessons and Warnings for the Rest of the World. London: I. B. Tauris.
  • Schmidt-Catran, Alexander W. (2016). «Economic Inequality and Public Demand for Redistribution: Combining Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Evidence». Socio-Economic Review, 14(1): 119-140.
  • Schmidt-Catran, Alexander W. y Fairbrother, Malcolm (2015). «The Random Effects in Multilevel Models: Getting Them Wrong and Getting Them Right». European Sociological Review, 32(1): 23-38.
  • Schmidt-Catran, Alexander W.; Fairbrother, Malcolm y Andreß, Hans-Jürgen (2019). «Multilevel Models for the Analysis of Comparative Survey Data: Common Problems and Some Solutions». Köln Z Soziol, 71(1): 99-128.
  • Scruggs, Lyle y Benegal, Salil (2012). «Declining Public Concern about Climate Change: Can We Blame the Great Recession?». Global Environmental Change, 22(2): 505-515.
  • Seawright, Jason y Gerring, John (2008). «Case Selection Techniques in Case Study Research: A Menu of Qualitative and Quantitative Options». Political Research Quarterly, 61(2): 294-308.
  • Solt, Frederick (2020). «Measuring Income Inequality Across Countries and Over Time: The Standardized World Income Inequality Database». Social Science Quarterly, 101(3): 1183-1199. SWIID Version 9.4, noviembre 2022.
  • Subramanian, S. V. y Kawachi, Ichiro (2004). «Income Inequality and Health: What Have We Learned So Far?». Epidemiologic Reviews, 26: 78-91.
  • Subramanian, S. V.; Jones, Kelvyn; Kaddour, Afamia y Krieger, Nancy (2009). «Revisiting Robinson: The Perils of Individualistic and Ecologic Fallacy». International Journal of Epidemiology, 38: 342-360.
  • Suryahadi, Asep; Al Izzati, Ridho; Suryadarma, Daniel y Dartanto, Teguh (2023). «How Inequality Affects Trust in Institutions: Evidence from Indonesia». Asian Economic Policy Review, 18: 73-91.
  • Svendsen, Gert T. y Svendsen, Lind H. (2008). Handbook of Social Capital. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  • Uslaner, Eric M. (2002). The Moral Foundations of Trust. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Uslaner, Eric M. (2008). «The Foundations of Trust: Macro and Micro». Cambridge Journal of Economics, 32(2): 289-294.
  • Uslaner, Eric M. y Brown, Mitchell (2005). «Inequality, Trust, and Civic Engagement». American Politics Research, 33(6): 868-894.
  • Welch, Michael R.; Sikkink, David y Loveland, Matthew T. (2007). «The Radius of Trust: Religion, Social Embeddedness and Trust in Strangers». Social Forces, 86(1): 23-46.
  • Wilkinson, Richard G. y Pickett, Kate E. (2009). «Income Inequality and Social Dysfunction». Annual Review of Sociology, 35: 493-511.
  • Wilkinson, Richard G. y Pickett, Kate E. (2017). «The Enemy between Us: The Psychological and Social Costs of Inequality». European Journal of Social Psychology, 47: 11-24.
  • You, Jong-Sung y Khagram, Sanjeev (2005). «A Comparative Study of Inequality and Corruption». American Sociological Review, 70(1): 136-157. doi: 10.1177/000312240507000107
  • Zucman, Gabriel (2019). «Global Wealth Inequality». Annual Review of Economics, 11(1): 109-138.
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet