Preventing loneliness : promising insights for achieving active aging and a positive quality of life

Referencias bibliográficas

• Aartsen, M., & Jylhä, M. (2011). Onset of loneliness in older adults: Results of a 28 year prospective study. European Journal of Ageing, 8, 31–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-011-0175-7.
• Anderson, G. O., & Thayer, C. E. (2018). A national survey of adults 45 and older: Loneliness and social connections. AARP Foundation 2018. https://doi.org/10.26419/res.00246.001.
• Annear, M., Keeling, S., Wilkinson, T., Cushman, G., Gidlow, B., & Hopkins, H. (2014). Environmental influences on healthy and active ageing: A systematic review. Ageing and Society, 34, 590–622. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X1200116X.
• Antonucci, T. C., Ajrouch, K. J., & Birditt, K. S. (2014). The convoy model: Explaining social relations from a multidisciplinary perspective. The Gerontologist, 54, 82–92. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnt118.
• Antonucci, T. C., Birditt, K. S., Sherman, C. W., & Trinh, S. (2011). Stability and change in the intergenerational family: A convoy approach. Ageing and Society, 31, 1084–1106. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X1000098X.
• Bandari, R., Khankeh, H. R., Shahboulaghi, F. M., Ebadi, A., Keshtkar, A. A., & Montazeri, A. (2019). Defining loneliness in older adults: Protocol for a systematic review. Systematic Reviews, 8, 4–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-018-0935-y.
• Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59, 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20.
• Bouwman, T. E., Aartsen, M. J., van Tilburg, T. G., & Stevens, N. L. (2017). Does stimulating various coping strategies alleviate loneliness? Results from an online friendship enrichment program. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 34, 793–811. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407516659158.
• Bowling, A. (2007). Aspirations for older age in the 21st century: What is successful aging? The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 64, 263–297. https://doi.org/10.2190/L0K1-87W4-9R01-7127.
• Bruggencate, T. t., Luijkx, K. G., & Sturm, J. (2018). Social needs of older people: A systematic literature review. Ageing and Society, 38, 1745–1770. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X17000150.
• Burholt, V., & Scharf, T. (2014). Poor health and loneliness in later life: The role of depressive symptoms, social resources, and rural environments. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 69, 311–324. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbt121.
• Buz, J., Sanchez, M., Levenson, M. R., & Aldwin, C. M. (2014). Aging and social networks in Spain: The importance of pubs and churches. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 78, 23–46. https://doi.org/10.2190/AG.78.1.c.
• Cacioppo, J. T., & Cacioppo, S. (2018). The growing problem of loneliness. The Lancet, 391(10119). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30142-9.
• Cacioppo, J. T., & Hawkley, L. C. (2009). Perceived social isolation and cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 447–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2009.06.005.
• Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Crawford, L. E., Ernst, J. M., Burleson, M. H., Kowalewski, R. B., et al. (2002). Loneliness and health: Potential mechanisms. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64, 407–417. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-200205000-00005.
• Cacioppo, S., Grippo, A. J., London, S., Goossens, L., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2015). Loneliness. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10, 238–249. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615570616.
• Carstensen, L. L. (1991). Selectivity theory: Social activity in life-span context. In K. W. Schaie (Ed.), Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics (Vol. 11, pp. 195–217). New York: Springer.
• Cattan, M., White, M., Bond, J., & Learmouth, A. (2005). Preventing social isolation and loneliness among older people: A systematic review of health promotion interventions. Ageing and Society, 25, 41–67. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X04002594.
• Cela, E., & Fokkema, T. (2017). Being lonely later in life: A qualitative study among Albanians and Moroccans in Italy. Ageing and Society, 37, 1197–1226. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X16000209.
• Chalise, H. N., Kai, I., & Saito, T. (2010). Social support and its correlation with loneliness: A cross-cultural study of Nepalese older adults. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 71, 115–138. https://doi.org/10.2190/AG.71.2.b.
• Chan, A., Yu, D., & Choi, K. (2017). Effects of tai chi qigong on psychosocial well-being among hidden elderly, using elderly neighborhood volunteer approach: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 12, 85–96. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S124604.
• Chen, Y. R. R., & Schulz, P. J. (2016). The effect of information communication technology interventions on reducing social isolation in the elderly: A systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 18, e18. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.4596.
• Clark, R. L., Glick, J. E., & Bures, R. M. (2009). Immigrant families over the life course: Research directions and needs. Journal of Family Issues, 21, 852–872. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X09332162.
• Cohen-Mansfield, J., Hazan, H., Lerman, Y., & Shalom, V. (2016). Correlates and predictors of loneliness in older-adults: A review of quantitative results informed by qualitative insights. International Psychogeriatrics, 28, 557–576. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610215001532.
• Cohen-Mansfield, J., Hazan, H., Lerman, Y., Shalom, V., Birkenfeld, S., & Cohen, R. (2018). Efficacy of the I-SOCIAL intervention for loneliness in old age: Lessons from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 99, 69–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.01.014.
• Conway, F., Magai, C., Jones, S., Fiori, K., & Gillespie, M. (2013). A six-year follow-up study of social network changes among African-American, Caribbean, and U.S.-Born caucasian urban older adults. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 76, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.2190/AG.76.1.a.
• Cotten, S. R., Anderson, W. A., & McCullough, B. M. (2013). Impact of internet use on loneliness and contact with others among older adults: Cross-sectional analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15, e39. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2306.
• Cutrona, C. E. (1982). Transition to college: Loneliness and the process of social adjustment. In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy (pp. 291–309). New York: Wiley.
• Dahlberg, L., & McKee, K. J. (2014). Correlates of social and emotional loneliness in older people: Evidence from an English community study. Aging & Mental Health, 18, 504–514. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2013.856863.
• De Jong Gierveld, J., & Fokkema, T. (2015). Strategies to prevent loneliness. In A. Sha’ked & A. Rokach (Eds.), Addressing loneliness: Coping, prevention and clinical interventions (pp. 218–230). New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
• De Jong Gierveld, J., & Tesch-Römer, C. (2012). Loneliness in old age in Eastern and Western European societies: Theoretical perspectives. European Journal of Ageing, 9, 285–295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-012-0248-2.
• De Jong Gierveld, J., van Tilburg, T. G., & Dykstra, P. A. (2018). New ways of theorizing and conducting research in the field of loneliness and social isolation. In A. L. Vangelisti & D. Perlman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of personal relationships (pp. 391–404). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316417867.031.
• Delmelle, E. C., Haslauer, E., & Prinz, T. (2013). Social satisfaction, commuting and neighborhoods. Journal of Transport Geography, 30, 110–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.03.006.
• Demir, M. (2015). Friendship and happiness: Across the life-span and cultures. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9603-3.
• Dunbar, R. I. M., & Shultz, S. (2007). Evolution in the social brain. Science, 317, 1344–1347. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1145463.
• English, T., & Carstensen, L. (2014). Emotional experience in the mornings and the evenings: Consideration of age differences in specific emotions by time of day. Frontiers in Psychology, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00185.
• Elovainio, M., Hakulinen, C., Pulkki-Råback, L., Virtanen, M., Josefsson, K., Jokela, M., et al. (2017). Contribution of risk factors to excess mortality in isolated and lonely individuals: An analysis of data from the UK Biobank cohort study. The Lancet Public Health, 2, e260–e266. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30075-0.
• Gardiner, C., Geldenhuys, G., & Gott, M. (2018). Interventions to reduce social isolation and loneliness among older people: An integrative review. Health and Social Care in the Community, 26, 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12367.
• Goll, J. C., Charlesworth, G., Scior, K., & Stott, J. (2015). Barriers to social participation among lonely older adults: The influence of social fears and identity. PLoS One, 10, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116664.
• Gooding, P. A., Hurst, A., Johnson, J., & Tarrier, N. (2012). Psychological resilience in young and older adults. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27, 262–270. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2712.
• Goodwin, R., Cook, O., & Yung, Y. (2001). Loneliness and life satisfaction among three cultural groups. Personal Relationships, 8, 225–230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2001.tb00037.x.
• Grundy, E., & Henretta, J. C. (2006). Between elderly parents and adult children: A new look at the intergenerational care provided by the ‘sandwich generation’. Ageing and Society, 26, 707–722. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X06004934.
• Hagestad, G. O., & Uhlenberg, P. (2006). Should we be concerned about age segregation? Some theoretical and empirical explorations. Research on Aging, 28, 638–653.
• Hansen, T., & Slagsvold, B. (2016). Late-life loneliness in 11 European countries: Results from the generations and gender survey. Social Indicators Research, 129, 445–464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-1111-6.
• Hawkley, L. C., & Kocherginsky, M. (2018). Transitions in loneliness among older adults: A 5-year follow-up in the National Social Life, Health, and Aging project. Research on Aging, 40, 365–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027517698965.
• Holt-Lunstad, J., Robles, T. F., & Sbarra, D. A. (2017). Advancing social connections as a public health priority in the United States. American Psychologist, 72, 517–530.
• Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: A meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10, 227–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691614568352.
• Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2010). Social relationships and mortality risk: A meta-analytic review. PLoS Medicine, 7, e1000316. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316.
• Hsieh, N., & Hawkley, L. (2018). Loneliness in the older adult marriage. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 35, 1319–1339. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407517712480.
• Hughes, M. (2016). Loneliness and social support among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex people aged 50 and over. Ageing and Society, 36, 1961–1981. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X1500080X.
• Institute of Medicine. (2014). Capturing social and behavioral domains and measures in electronic health records: Phase 2. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/18951.
• Joyce, S., Shand, F., Tighe, J., Laurent, S. J., Bryant, R. A., & Harvey, S. B. (2018). Road to resilience: A systematic review and meta-analysis of resilience training programmes and interventions. BMJ Open, 8, e017858. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017858.
• Kahn, R. L., & Antonucci, T. C. (1980). Convoys over the life course: Attachment, roles, and social support. In P. B. Baltes & O. Brim (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (pp. 254–283). New York: Academic Press.
• Kotsou, I., Nelis, D., Grégoire, J., & Mikolajczak, M. (2011). Emotional plasticity: Conditions and effects of improving emotional competence in adulthood. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96, 827–839. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023047.
• Lasgaard, M., Friis, K., & Shevlin, M. (2016). ‘Where are all the lonely people?’ A population-based study of high-risk groups across the life span. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51, 1373–1384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-016-1279-3.
• Leigh-Hunt, N., Bagguley, D., Bash, K., Turner, V., Turnbull, S., Valtorta, N., & Caan, W. (2017). An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness. Public Health, 152, 157–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2017.07.035.
• Leyden, K. M. (2003). Social capital and the built environment: The importance of walkable neighborhoods. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 1546–1551. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1546.
• Luhmann, M., & Hawkley, L. C. (2016). Age differences in loneliness from late adolescence to oldest old age. Developmental Psychology, 52, 943–959. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000117.
• Luo, Y., Hawkley, L. C., Waite, L. J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2012). Loneliness, health, and mortality in old age: A national longitudinal study. Social Science & Medicine, 74, 907–914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.028.
• Maas, J., van Dillen, S. M. E., Verheij, R. A., & Groenewegen, P. P. (2009). Social contacts as a possible mechanism behind the relation between green space and health. Health & Place, 15, 586–595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2008.09.006.
• MacLeod, S., Musich, S., Hawkins, K., Alsgaard, K., & Wicker, E. R. (2016). The impact of resilience among older adults. Geriatric Nursing, 37, 266–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2016.02.014.
• Masi, C. M., Chen, H. Y., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2011). A meta-analysis of interventions to reduce loneliness. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15, 219–266. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868310377394.
• McHugh-Power, J., Hannigan, C., Hyland, P., Brennan, S., Kee, F., & Lawlor, B. A. (2018). Depressive symptoms predict increased social and emotional loneliness in older adults. Aging and Mental Health, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2018.1517728.
• Mercy, J. A., Rosenberg, M. L., Powell, K. E., Broome, C. V., & Roper, W. L. (1993). Public health policy for preventing violence. Health Affairs, 12, 7–29. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.12.4.7.
• Mikolajczak, M., Nelis, D., Hansenne, M., & Quoidbach, J. (2008). If you can regulate sadness, you can probably regulate shame: Associations between trait emotional intelligence, emotion regulation and coping efficiency across discrete emotions. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1356–1368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.12.004.
• Neill-Hall, J. (2013). Family doctors ill-equipped for loneliness epidemic. Resource document. Campaign to End Loneliness. Retrieved May 9, 2019, from https://www.campaigntoendloneliness.org/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2013/11/FINAL-GP-Polling-PR-15.11.13.pdf.
• Newall, N. E., Chipperfield, J. G., Clifton, R. A., Perry, R. P., Swift, A. U., & Ruthig, J. C. (2009). Causal beliefs, social participation, and loneliness among older adults: A longitudinal study. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 26, 273–290. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407509106718.
• Nicolaisen, M., & Thorsen, K. (2017). What are friends for? Friendships and loneliness over the lifespan from 18 to 79 years. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 84, 126–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091415016655166.
• Oldenburg, R. (1989). The great good place. New York: Paragon House.
• Pels, F., & Kleinert, J. (2016). Loneliness and physical activity: A systematic review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 9, 231–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2016.1177849.
• Peplau, L. A., & Perlman, D. (1982). Perspective on loneliness. In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy (pp. 1–18). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
• Perese, E. F., & Wolf, M. (2005). Combating loneliness among persons with severe mental illness: Social network interventions’ characteristics, effectiveness, and applicability. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 26, 591–609. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840590959425.
• Perlman, D., Gerson, A. C., & Spinner, B. (1978). Loneliness among senior citizens: An empirical report. Essence, 2, 239–248.
• Pew Research Center. (2017). Tech adoption climbs among older adults. Retrieved November 23, 2018, from https://www.pewinternet.org/2017/05/17/technology-use-among-seniors/
• Pinquart, M., & Sörensen, S. (2001). Influences on loneliness in older adults: A meta-analysis. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 23, 245–266. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324834BASP2304_2.
• Portacolone, E., Perissinotto, C., Yeh, J. C., & Greysen, S. R. (2018). “I feel trapped”: The tension between personal and structural factors of social isolation and the desire for social integration among older residents of a high-crime neighborhood. The Gerontologist, 58, 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnw268.
• Poscia, A., Stojanovic, J., La Milia, D. I., Duplaga, M., Grysztar, M., Moscato, U., et al. (2018). Interventions targeting loneliness and social isolation among the older people: An update systematic review. Experimental Gerontology, 102, 133–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2017.11.017.
• Rantanen, T., Saajanaho, M., Karavirta, L., Siltanen, S., Rantakokko, M., Viljanen, A., et al. (2018). Active aging, resilience and external support as modifiers of the disablement outcome: AGNES cohort study protocol. BMC Public Health, 18, 565. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5487-5.
• Rico-Uribe, L. A., Caballero, F. F., Martín-María, N., Cabello, M., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., & Miret, M. (2018). Association of loneliness with all-cause mortality: A meta-analysis. PLoS One, 13, e0190033. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190033.
• Rokach, A., Miller, Y., Schick, S., & Bercovitch, M. (2014). Coping with loneliness: Caregivers of cancer patients. Clinical Nursing Studies, 2, 42–50. https://doi.org/10.5430/cns.v2n2p42.
• Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. L. (1997). Successful aging. The Gerontologist, 37, 433–440. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/37.4.433.
• Rozanova, J., Keating, N., & Eales, J. (2012). Unequal social engagement for older adults: Constraints on choice. Canadian Journal on Aging/La Revue Canadienne Du Vieillissement, 31, 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0714980811000675.
• Sabir, M., Wethington, E., Breckman, R., Meador, R., Reid, M. C., & Pillemer, K. (2009). A community-based participatory critique of social isolation intervention research for community-dwelling older adults. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 28, 218–234. https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464808326004.
• Sallis, J. F., Spoon, C., Cavill, N., Engelberg, J. K., Gebel, K., Parker, M., et al. (2015). Co-benefits of designing communities for active living: An exploration of literature. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 12, 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-015-0188-2.
• Sandstrom, G. M., & Dunn, E. W. (2014). Social interactions and well-being: The surprising power of weak ties. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40, 910–922. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167214529799.
• São José, J. M. d., Timonen, V., Amado, C. A. F., & Santos, S. P. (2017). A critique of the active ageing index. Journal of Aging Studies, 40, 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2017.01.001.
• Scharf, T., & de Jong Gierveld, J. (2008). Loneliness in urban neighbourhoods: An Anglo-Dutch comparison. European Journal of Ageing, 5, 103–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-008-0080-x.
• Schoenmakers, E. C. (2013). Coping with loneliness. Dissertation, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.
• Schoenmakers, E. C., Van Tilburg, T. G., & Fokkema, T. (2012). Coping with loneliness: What do older adults suggest ? Aging & Mental Health, 16, 353–360.
• Schoenmakers, E. C., van Tilburg, T. G., & Fokkema, T. (2015). Problem-focused and emotion-focused coping options and loneliness: How are they related? European Journal of Ageing, 12, 153–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-015-0336-1.
• Schwartz, E., & Litwin, H. (2018). Social network changes among older Europeans: The role of gender. European Journal of Ageing, 15, 359–367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-017-0454-z.
• Seligman, M. (2002). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment. New York: Free Press.
• Seligman, M. (2018). PERMA and the building blocks of well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13, 333–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2018.1437466.
• Steptoe, A., Shankar, A., Demakakos, P., & Wardle, J. (2013). Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110, 5797–5801. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1219686110.
• Stevens, N. L., Martina, C. M. S., & Westerhof, G. J. (2006). Meeting the need to belong: Predicting effects of a friendship enrichment program for older women. Gerontologist, 46, 595–602. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/46.4.495.
• Sundström, G., Fransson, E., Malmberg, B., & Davey, A. (2009). Loneliness among older Europeans. European Journal of Ageing, 6, 267–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-009-0134-8.
• Treas, J., & Batlova, J. (2009). Immigrants and aging. In P. Uhlenberg (Ed.), International handbook of population aging (pp. 365–394). Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media.
• Valtorta, N., & Hanratty, B. (2012). Loneliness, isolation and the health of older adults: Do we need a new research agenda? Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 105, 518–522. https://doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.2012.120128.
• Van Cauwenberg, J., Nathan, A., Barnett, A., Barnett, D. W., & Cerin, E. (2018). Relationships between neighbourhood physical environmental attributes and older adults’ leisure-time physical activity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 48, 1635–1660. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0917-1.
• Van den Berg, P., Kemperman, A., de Kleijn, B., & Borgers, A. (2016). Ageing and loneliness: The role of mobility and the built environment. Travel Behaviour and Society, 5, 48–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2015.03.001.
• Vaughan, M., LaValley, M. P., Alheresh, R., & Keysor, J. J. (2016). Which features of the environment impact community participation of older adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Aging and Health, 28, 957–978. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264315614008.
• Victor, C. R., Burholt, V., & Martin, W. (2012). Loneliness and ethnic minority elders in Great Britain: An exploratory study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 27, 65–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10823-012-9161-6.
• Vitman, A., Iecovich, E., & Alfasi, N. (2014). Ageism and social integration of older adults in their neighborhoods in Israel. Gerontologist, 54, 177–189. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnt008.
• Weiss, R. S. (1973). Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social isolation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
• Witte, K., & Allen, M. (2000). A meta-analysis of fear appeals: Implications for effective public health campaigns. Health Education & Behavior, 27, 591–615. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019810002700506.
• Wormald, A. D., McCallion, P., & McCarron, M. (2019). The antecedents of loneliness in older people with an intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 85, 116–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2018.11.009.
• Wu, Z., & Penning, M. (2015). Immigration and loneliness in later life. Ageing and Society, 35, 64–95. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X13000470.
• Yang, K., & Victor, C. (2011). Age and loneliness in 25 European nations. Ageing and Society, 31, 1368–1388. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X1000139X.
• Yu, R., Cheung, O., Lau, K., & Woo, J. (2017). Associations between perceived neighborhood walkability and walking time, wellbeing, and loneliness in community-dwelling older Chinese people in Hong Kong. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14, e1199. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101199.
• Zhao, L., Zhang, X., & Ran, G. (2017). Positive coping style as a mediator between older adults’ self-esteem and loneliness. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 45, 1619–1628. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.6486.
• Zysberg, L. (2012). Loneliness and emotional intelligence. The Journal of Psychology, 146, 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2011.57474.